Tuesday 30 June 2020

颠倒众生

斌宗法师

诸位!这个名词——颠倒众生,是世尊亲口说的。为什么他要这么说呢?当然有其理由:一切众生乃背觉合尘,认妄弃真,这就是颠倒。现在举一个事实来说:

生在娑婆五浊恶世的众生,其贪欲之心特重,故对于地狱五条根的五欲——财色名食睡(由于贪求财等五欲,而妄造一切恶业,依业受报,有坠落地狱的可能,所以称它为地狱五条根),都是一样贪婪,争取无厌的。玆单就‘财’一方面来说,金钱这一件东西,它的魔力太大了。古往今来,芸芸众生,不受其迷惑、陶醉者实在没有几个人哩。老实说,举世之人,谁也不约而同的以青眼看重它,甚至视为性命般的重要。因此,无者千方百计以图取之,既有者则用心用力以保护之。就看一般常人,毕生辛辛苦苦,劳劳碌碌,不惜身命的挣扎不休,到底为著什么?聪明的读者,不用我再饶舌吧!至于那些富豪家庭,为了关心著性命般的金钱,顾虑到梁上君子的降临,因而对门户的严卫是极其十足而周密。例如:制铁门、铁窗,以及铁网的围护,种种的设备严重而坚牢的用来保卫它。有时发见盗贼要来侵犯它,便拚命地与他抵抗一场,一方面还紧急地去报告刑警来驱除他。呀!人们爱护孔方兄之热情的关心,可谓无微不至了。喂,孔方兄!你怎么能这样吸收人气呢?虽然如是,但这不过仅为爱护身外有为的金钱,防卫世间有形的盗贼而已。然此外还有一类无为法财,还应该更用心去爱护它,同时也另外有一类无形盗贼,更不可不去防卫它的侵犯。况且无为法财,其价值是超过有为财万份以上的。当知世间的有为财,只能给人们物质生活上的暂时享用,仍没有永久性,是靠不住的,这是怎么说?因为世间上的万事万物,都是因缘所生法,乃是一种变幻无常的。所以佛说:世间一切都是假,当然金钱也不在例外。佛经上告诉我们,世间财——是五家共有的,那五家呢?一、贪官污吏。二、水火。三、盗贼。四、刀兵。五、不肖子孙。因此,我说世间财是靠不住的。况且不能善用它,那是会受其殃祸,造出许多罪来。至于无为法财那就大不相同了,其殊胜妙用,让我来谈一谈,它——法财非同世间的金钱,唯能供物质生活上暂时的享用——养活色身而已;它能够庄严法身,培养慧命,它不只一生一世的享用,能够历劫享用而不尽的。同时又不怕盗贼的抢劫,水火的侵害......甚至能助成我们的圆满无上菩提佛果。您看,殊胜不殊胜?所以我说超过有为财万倍以上,实不过分。这笔胜妙无比的无为法财,岂可一向让它静悄悄地埋没著,而不去进取,不去爱护它,以享其殊胜功德妙用,未免太可惜呢!

然而它——无为法财,究竟是个什么东西?那就是经中所说之自性本具的一切功德智慧,也就是世尊在菩提树下初成正觉时所唱言的:‘一切众生皆有如来智慧德相,因颠倒妄想执著不能证得’的智慧就是!迷了它,即为六道轮回的苦恼众生,证了它,即成三藐三菩提的无上佛果。然而它究竟在什么地方?就在我们个人自性本具的宝藏中,请大家赶快去努力自取为要!

其次来说无形的盗贼,它较之有形的盗贼那是厉害更深了。以其有形的盗贼,只能抢夺人们的世间有为财,绝对无法来抢夺我们自性中的无为法财,这还算没有什么利害,因为被其侵害者,不过物质的生活受些影响罢了。所以我说还是小事。有些人不觉悟到此,偶而遭遇到盗贼的侵犯,不知见机行事,为了这些虚幻不实的身外放不下,且不量力而硬要与他抵抗到底,结果受亏不少。我想还是以学佛的态度——看破——放下——随缘来对待它为妙,可避免意外的灾祸来——性命问题。至于所说的无形贼,那就太厉害了,它——无形贼,非同有形贼只能偷偷你的东西,影响著你的物质生活而已,它能侵损你自性中的无为法身,能丧灭你的法身慧命,同时又能陷害你堕落三恶道里,去受万劫不得解脱的无量罪苦,你看厉害不厉害呢?这个厉害无比的心中贼,岂可一向让他肆无忌惮地活动而不去注意、防卫它,以避其凶恶的侵犯未了,就太不聪明的了。然而它——无形贼,到底是个什么东西?就是贪嗔痴三大贼魁,以及其他一切妄想恶念的那些小贼伙。怎样称他为贼呢?能劫功德法财故,怎样又把它说得那么厉害呢?能令我们受万劫生死不能了之故。

要之,由贪等诸恶念而驱使身口意去造杀盗淫等一切恶业(如贼行窃),依恶业而感受苦报(如因盗受罪)。忏悔偈云:‘我昔所造诸恶业,皆由无始贪嗔痴,从身语意之所生......’由此就可知道,无形贼——贪嗔痴的厉害了。然而它到底在什么地方呢?常在六根门头出入,行者当格外留心!千万勿受其祸殃。人们太不聪明了,一向只晓得用心用力去追求,去爱护那身外的有为财,却不知道去取用、去爱护这笔比他亿万倍宝贵的无为功德法财。只晓得用心用力去防卫、去驱除世间的有形贼,却不知道去防卫、去驱除这较他亿万倍厉害的心中无形贼。竟将自性宝藏的功德法财,随意任其搬取殆尽而不知检,且为一元五角之损失,则与之计较不休。然无形贼长在劫夺我们宝藏中的功德法财,竟一向不去讨罚它;有形贼偶一偷盗我们一点身外的阿堵物,反而拼命地与之抵抗到底,迷昧的众生真是开倒头车,莫怪乎世尊称它为颠倒众生,真是一点也不错。这正与孟子所谓:‘人有鸡犬失焉,则知道追寻,心放焉而不知寻’的道理相同。

以上所述的道理,不厌麻烦,再来改换一个方式来说:能拖累我们造业,或者能使我们丧害身命的有为钱,竟那么的用心去追求,去爱护它,对于能助我们成就佛果的无为法财,反而一向不去关心它、爱护它。爱护世间有为财,就晓得用铁门等来保护它;自性无为财则一向不关心地放弃了它,遇到有形的盗贼要来偷取我们的金钱,就紧紧地去报告刑警来驱除它,且绝对不肯放他干休,可是遇到无形心贼要来抢劫我们的无为法财时,竟看也不去看它,遂之任其抢劫,这不是颠倒是什么?

我们如果要永远做一个颠倒众生则罢,不然的话,那就要改换方针了,有为财和无为财的胜劣;有形贼和无形贼的利害轻重,上面已经说得很清楚了!于是,我们当以爱护有为财之心,换来爱护无为财,以防卫有形贼的用心,换来防卫无形贼才对,您对有为财的爱护,即晓得用铁门等去保卫它,那么,对于无为财,更当加倍的爱护它,当然也要用铁门等来保卫它。对有形贼既能那么用心去防卫它、驱除它,那么对于无形贼的侵犯,当然更要格外的防卫它,用心去驱除它为妙。有形贼来侵犯时,既知道去报刑警来驱除它,那么,无形贼来侵犯时,是不是更不容缓地去报告刑警来驱除它才对呢?

话说回来,当如何来享用,来爱护无为法财?要怎样去防卫,去驱除无形心贼?这真是一种容而不易,艰而不难的事。诸位请镇静一下,慢慢听我道来,有为的金钱是可以用身力,及其他一切技能智力取到的,无为的法财是世间任何技能、才力都无法去争取得到的。然而要怎样呢?只要我们能够发菩提心,精进修行,用戒定慧三无漏学的法力去追求进取,就可得到(修一分道则得一分法财),如法修行,获得解脱自在的清净安乐,这就是享用无为法财。有形贼是可以用人力(刑警)物力(武器)去防卫,去驱除它,无形贼是世间的刀枪,刑警所无法能驱除它,又不是铁门、铁窗可能防卫它,这怎么办呢?呀!不难!不难!只要我们肯发心修学佛法,用佛力、法力,就可以防卫它、驱除它了!防卫驱除的方法就是:当我们内心起贪嗔痴,或其他的恶念之时,要赶快用般若观慧去观照它,或念佛持咒以对治之,使其无法活动起来,乃至永远消灭,这就是用佛力、法力去防卫、驱除无形心贼的唯一善策。若再说详细一点,我们修学佛法的人,在日常的一切行事中,于见闻觉知上,当时时在警省内心的过犯(过犯如被盗贼侵害)。凡一念心起,即回光反照去观察它,如所起的是悭贪心、嗔恨心、愚痴心、我慢心、残忍心、嫉妒心、染污心、执著心、颠倒心、烦恼心、歪曲心、欺诳心、懈怠心、分别心......乃至一切妄想,这都是恶念头——无形心贼,它能阻碍您,进趣无上菩提。且能抢劫您无量功德法财,这么凶恶家伙,怎能容许它出现在自性国土,来捣扰著无为心王,使天下不得太平呢?因此,故当极力的铲除它,当我们反照观察之下,一旦发见了它,当刻不容缓地用佛力、法力、观照力驱除之,使其无法活动起来,那就天下太平、国泰民安了。能够如是做下去,久而久之,一旦工夫纯熟,自然就恶念不生,乃至永远消灭。

总括的说:世间有为财是物质生活上暂时的享用,是生灭法——无永久性。它是用身力、财力所求取得到的。自性的无为法财,具足一切功德,为法身慧命永久的财产,是不生不灭——享用无尽。它是用道力、法力去发掘进取的。

人间的有形贼,只能偷盗有为的财物,受其侵犯者,并不见得怎么厉害(只损失物质方面),并且容易驱除。心内的无形贼,能够抢劫自性宝藏的功德法财,若受其侵犯那就不得了(能令堕三恶道),并且不容易驱除。防卫有形贼抢劫我们的有为财,是用铁门、铁网以及其他武备;防卫无形心贼侵犯我们的无为法财,是用观照、反省,及严持禁戒。遇到有形贼的侵犯时,当速报告刑警来驱除之,遇到无形贼的侵犯时,当速求援于佛力、法力以驱除之。能够如是,就成为正觉的众生,那颠倒的绰号,就永远没有我们的分啊!祝大家平安!附表如下:

(一)世间金钱物品——喻自性功德法财。
(二)施设铁门——喻严持规戒(铁门喻规戒,严持喻防卫)。
(三)武器严卫——喻般若观照(武器喻般若,严持喻观照)。
(四)防卫门户——喻照顾六根门头。
(五)盗贼——喻恶念。
(六)刑警——喻佛力法力。
(七)预防严卫无形心贼的侵犯——严持规戒,常起观照。
(八)消灭制止无形心贼的活动——坐禅念佛,诵经持咒。
(九)追求进取无为法财——精进佛法,勤修道品。
(十)享用享乐无为法财——解脱自在,清净安乐。

The result of wholesome action is happiness; the result of unwholesome action is suffering, and nothing else. These results are not interchangeable: when you plant buckwheat, you get buckwheat; when you plant barley, you get barley. 

-- Jamgon Kongtrul Lodro Thaye

Monday 29 June 2020

Non-duality

by Ayya Khema

Truth occupies a very important position in the Buddha's teaching. The Four Noble Truths are the hub of the wheel of the Dhamma. Truth (sacca) is one of the ten perfections to be cultivated in order to purify oneself.

Truth can have different aspects. If we want to find an end to suffering, we have to find truth at its deepest level. The moral precepts which include "not lying" are a basic training without which one can't lead a spiritual life.

To get to the bottom of truth, one has to get to the bottom of oneself, and that is not an easy thing to do, aggravated by the problem of not loving oneself. It naturally follows that if one wants to learn to love oneself, there must be hate present, and we are caught in the world of duality.

While we are floating around in the world of duality, we can't get to the bottom of truth, because we are suspended in a wave motion going back and forth. There is an interesting admonition in the Sutta Nipata, mentioning that one should not have associates, which prevents attachments. This would result in neither love nor hate, so that only equanimity remains, even-mindedness towards all that exists. With equanimity one is no longer suspended between good and bad, love and hate, friend and enemy, but has been able to let go, to get to the bottom where truth can be found.

If we want to find the basic, underlying truth of all existence, we must practice "letting go." This includes our weakest and our strongest attachments, many of which aren't even recognised as clinging.

To return to the simile of the truth to be found at the bottom, we can see that if we are clinging to anything, we can't get down to it. We're attached to the things, people, ideas and views, which we consider ours and believe to be right and useful. These attachments will keep us from getting in touch with absolute truth.

Our reactions, the likes and dislikes, hold us in suspense. While it is more pleasant to like something or someone, yet both are due to attachments. This difficulty is closely associated with distraction in meditation. Just as we are attached to the food that we get for the body, we are equally attached to food for the mind, so the thoughts go here and there, picking up titbits. As we do that, we are again held in suspense, moving from thought to breathe and back again, being in the world of duality. When our mind acts in this way, it cannot get to rock bottom.

Depth of understanding enables release from suffering. When one goes deeper and deeper into oneself, one finds no core, and learns to let go of attachments. Whether we find anything within us which is pure, desirable, commendable or whether it's impure and unpleasant, makes no difference. All mental states owned and cherished keep us in duality, where we are hanging in mid-air, feeling very insecure. They cannot bring an end to suffering. One moment all might be well in our world and we love everyone, but five minutes later we might react with hate and rejection.

We might be able to agree with the Buddha's words or regard them as a plausible explanation, but without the certainty of personal experience, this is of limited assistance to us. In order to have direct knowledge, it's as if we were a weight and must not be tied to anything, so that we can sink down to the bottom of all the obstructions, to see the truth shining through. The tool for that is a powerful mind, a weighty mind. As long as the mind is interested in petty concerns, it doesn't have the weightiness that can bring it to the depth of understanding.

For most of us, our mind is not in the heavy-weight class, but more akin to bantam weight. The punch of a heavy-weight really accomplishes something, that of a bantam weight is not too meaningful. The light-weight mind is attached here and there to people and their opinions, to one's own opinions, to the whole duality of pure and impure, right and wrong.

Why do we take it so personal, when it's truly universal? That seems to be the biggest difference between living at ease and being able to let the mind delve into the deepest layer of truth, or living at loggerheads with oneself and others. Neither hate nor greed are a personal manifestation, nobody has a singular claim on them, they belong to humanity. We can learn to let go of that personalised idea about our mind states, which would rid us of a serious impediment. Greed, hate and impurities exist, by the same token non-greed and non-hate also exist. Can we own the whole lot? Or do we own them in succession or five minutes at a time for each? Why own any of them, they just exist and seeing that, it becomes possible to let oneself sink into the depth of the Buddha's vision.

The deepest truth that the Buddha taught was that there is no individual person. This has to be accepted and experienced at a feeling level. As long as one hasn't let go of owning body and mind, one cannot accept that one isn't really this person. This is a gradual process. In meditation, one learns to let go of ideas and stories and attend to the meditation subject. If we don't let go, we cannot sink into the meditation. The mind has to be a heavy-weight for that too.

We can compare the ordinary mind to bobbing around on the waves of thoughts and feelings. The same happens in meditation, therefore we need to prepare ourselves for becoming concentrated. We can look at all mind states arising during the day and learn to let go of them. The ease and buoyancy which arises from this process is due to being unattached. If we don't practice throughout the day, our meditation suffers because we have not come to the meditation cushion in a suitable frame of mind. If one has been letting go all day, the mind is ready and can now let go in meditation too. Then it can experience its own happiness and purity.

Sometimes people think of the teaching as a sort of therapy, which it undoubtedly is, but that's not its ultimate aim, only one of its secondary aspects. The Buddha's teaching takes us to the end of suffering, once and for all, not just momentarily when things go wrong.

Having had an experience of letting go, even just once, proves beyond a shadow of a doubt that it means getting rid of a great burden. Carrying one's hate and greed around is a heavy load, which, when abandoned, gets us out of the duality of judgement. It's pleasant to be without thinking; mental formations are troublesome.

If we succeed even once or twice during a day to let go of our reactions, we have taken a great step and can more easily do it again. We have realised that a feeling which has arisen can be stopped, it need not be carried around all day. The relief from this will be the proof that a great inner discovery has been made and that the simplicity of non-duality shows us the way towards truth.

Spotless are the sun and moon, but obscured by fivefold stains: These are clouds and smoke and mist, Rahu’s face and dust as well. Similarly, mind so luminous is obscured by fivefold stains. They are desire, malice, laziness, agitation and doubt too. 

-- Nāgārjuna

Sunday 28 June 2020

佛法点亮的青春

文|吕春

“人生”是一个很沉重的题目,记得太虚大师曾说:“仰止唯佛陀,完成在人格。人成即佛成,是名真现实。”作为一个普通的在家居士,我深感佛法智慧的无上,此生为人,如何用佛法的智慧指引青年的我们不虚度此生呢?我想分享一些自己的感悟。

与古人“尊天道,感运化” 的人生轨迹不同,当代的年青人处在一个前所未有的共业世界中。日新月异的科学技术不断改变着年青人的物质生活,风云变化的思想潮流也不停颠覆着年青人的世界观。在时代的滚滚洪流和瞬息万变的人生沉浮中,我身边有太多同龄人对于不确定又不可知的未来感到深深的疑惧。人生究竟是缘何起,为何而活,这纷繁变幻的法界背后是否存在永恒的真理?这些问题一直困扰着我,也困扰着迷失在生灭变幻世界里的年青一代。我们像漂浮在浩瀚太空的宇航员,黑暗,失重,孤独。更糟的是,传统的文化和观念在时代猛烈的冲刷后,被不假思索的年青人束之高阁。没有了上古先贤对人生的洞见,功利的物欲享乐成为了不少年青人的人生追求,有的向父母亲友不断索取以满足一己私欲,有的逐渐突破道德人伦底线,不择手段地捞钱以填补自己的虚荣。最可怜的是,以满足欲望的方式获得暂时的享乐非但不能体会到长久的安乐,反而会诱发新的更大的欲望。周围太多年青人便这样迷失在自心的欲念里,越陷越深,越来越痛苦。这一切的根源,都是因为我们青年人缺少洞见欲望和生命的本质的智慧。没有佛法点亮的青春,犹如在黑夜里踽踽独行,没有方向更无指引。

世尊常说:六道中,长短适中苦乐参半的人道最适于修习佛法。当周围越来越多的年青人迷失在一味的追求低级欲望的人生理想时,让我觉得很可惜。遥想当年,两千五百年前的菩提树下,结跏而坐的悉达多太子其实早已悟到了生命存在的意义,而后以根本的无上智慧观照,言传身教,为我们年青人指明了通往永恒的方向,铺好了通达真理的道路。与此相比,局促在三维空间中的凡夫,纵是穷尽了思维和手段去建构和理解,也无法从根本上获得洞见宇宙人生真理的智慧。所以,摸黑前行的我们若得到“超越三界外,不在五行中” 的更高层次的圣者启迪,青春将有方向,人生可得安乐。能在这人欲横流、价值观念混乱的现代社会,于青年时代便认准佛法, 皈依三宝修习佛法,避免许多上下求索的困惑苦恼,避开误区, 少走不必要的弯路,实在是大善根的福德因缘,阿弥陀佛。

《金刚经》有云:“应无所住而生其心”,这部浓缩了六百卷般若经的“经眼”,以无上的觉悟,开遍布法界的方便,为我们年青人点明了智慧生活的诀要。我宿习深重,尤好豪辩,自小好与人争辩。为了和各种人一争高下,我一度沉迷逻辑学和西方哲学,骄狂也与日俱增,直到一位研习中观学派的学长彻底地辩赢了我,自以为是的我才如梦初醒,生起了对般若智慧的无限敬仰。在学习龙树菩萨的《中论》和《十二门论》时,我看到佛法的智慧远在人类思维能达到的极限之上,竟无一字在“立论”,而是采用“随立随破”的方式,将逻辑的前提分析解构,在因缘的关系网中全面地看待事物,教导我“应无所住而生其心”。顿感如淋甘露,大呼过瘾。原来,一切的思维和语言都有它的前提和定义,一切概念的产生,都必须先从原本真实完整的世界中,人为主观地区分出对立面。推而广之,以中观法门观照我生活中的万事万物,也无不如此。黑以白显,阴随阳释,善因恶立,有从无来。

进而观照我们青春的烦恼,无一不是“画地为牢,作茧自缚”的结果。接受并执着了种种观念,自己构建出各种推论并执以为绝对真理,而其根源的前提又都是以凡夫颠倒妄想产生的假设,当前提和因缘条件改变后,结论也不再如初,若执着前念,自然会带来烦恼和痛苦。其实,若能依中观的智慧观照,静心体悟我们烦恼生起的前提和条件,发现显相事物背后存在的隐藏关系和条件,在时刻生灭的因缘场中动态地理解,青春的躁动和迷惘便会逐渐恢复平静和自然。每当因外界物质引起了内心欲念时,我便尝试着静心专注地思维它,不断告诉自己任何一个烦恼都不是孤立存在的,这样不但能找出烦恼的因,更能随顺因缘运化,烦恼也就自然烟消云散。渐渐地,许多固有的观念一个个通过中观的思辨被消解,心里像少了一件件的负担,智慧的光亮充盈心灵。

用中观思辨的智慧去观察我的生活,我有了很多新奇的发现。观察各种人的心态、生活方式和他们的生命追求;观察以假我为中心而扩张占有欲,徒令人枉受苦恼,丑化形象,无实际义利;观察名利权位、声色犬马,发现其无常难保、如梦如幻;观察人们生老病死、贫穷衰患的痛苦;观察有些可怜的人因无正见正信,杀盗淫妄,污染人间,最终自招恶果;观察社会上尔虞我诈、贪赃腐败等丑恶现象,和历史上无数的争斗残杀,感慨万恶皆由人心不净、智慧不明、烦恼炽盛所致;观察西方文明片面发展物质文明的弊端和诸家学说的弊病。

通过这种不断地提醒自己用中观的思想来观照方法,体会生灭流转的万法的不真实性和其自性本空,我更加深了对佛法无上真理性的信仰,深感大乘菩萨道的实践,是能从根本上诊治我们年青人的弊病,净化人心,祥和社会,挽回劫难,庄严国土。

《法华经》有言:“是法住法位,世间相常住”,又言“一切资生产业皆与实相不相违背”。在受持三皈、发菩提心的基础上,以由对缘起性空义理 的胜解所得思慧为主导,在社会生活中修六度四摄,诸恶莫作, 众善奉行,则更为思维活跃的年青人提供了简单易行的方便法门,一方面伏断自心烦恼执着,一方面积集福智、利济众生。

今天,越来越的有理想有抱负的年青同修在人生的旅途中皈依佛法,青春智渡,现法喜乐。这是中国佛教欣欣向荣的新气象。

Those as practitioners of the path, are like bulls carrying heavy burdens, walking in deep mud within, even if extremely weary, not daring to look about to the left and right, only when departed from the mud, then can they rest. Śramaṇas should contemplate passionate desires, to be more [dangerous than] mud. With the straightforward mind mindful of the path, then can they be spared from suffering.

-- The Buddha

Saturday 27 June 2020

Words Heal – Words Hurt

by  Gereon Kopf

In many forms of Japanese Buddhism as well as in Shintō, a great emphasis is placed on words. In Shintō, words are what defile us and what purify us. At the entrance to most shrines, one can find a “water basin” (Jap: temizuya) where people wash their hands, mouths, and, sometimes, foreheads to purify themselves. The same emphasis on purifying body, speech, and mind, can be found in Shingon Buddhism, aptly called “true word” Buddhism. Body, speech, and mind are referred to as the “three mysteries” (Jap: sanmitsu) that open the gate to Buddhahood. But other forms of Buddhism in Japan value linguistic expressions as well. The evocation of Amida Buddha with the phrase “namu amida butsu” or the evocation of the Lotus Sūtra with the phrase “namu myōhō rengekyō” constitute the primary religious practice of the various forms of Pure Land and Nichiren Buddhism, respectively. Finally, in Zen Buddhist texts, masters verify the spiritual state of their disciples with exchanges that are rarely devoid of linguistic expressions.  

The evocations in Shintō, called norito, and the mantras in Shingon Buddhism are not to be used in scholarly or intellectual discourse but rather are used for their spiritual power. The word “soul of words” (Jap: kotodama), a Japanese phrase often used in the Shintō context, suggests that words themselves have spiritual power/s. It is not only our hearts that can be pure or corrupt, our words have equal power. They can lift people up or they can destroy; they can calm someone down or they can rile someone up; they can inspire hope or they can cast desperation. At one point or another during the day, each of us is guilty of using words that cause suffering, engender hatred, and even crush somebody’s spirit. This is why Japanese wash their mouths before they enter a Shintō shrine and some Buddhist temples: our words reveal our hearts.

In Shintō and Shingon Buddhism, liturgic phrases purify because of their inherent spiritual power. Norito brings us in tune with the kami, the divine presence as conceived in Shintō, while the Shingon mantra constitutes nothing less than the speech of the Buddha. The founder of Shingon Buddhism, Kūkai, proposed that “if a Shingon practitioner observes this principle, and . . . chants mantras with the mouth . . . the three mysteries will unite in mysterious empowerment and the practitioner will quickly reach a state of great attainment.” (Kūkai 2011, 61) Mantras, “true words,” comprise one of three practices to embody the Buddha and to “become a buddha in this very body” (Jap: sokushin jōbutsu). Divine words and phrases bring about purification and sanctification. By the same token, as Zen master Dōgen would add, “The World-honoured One uses secret words, secret actions, secret manifestations” (DZZ 1:394) to correct “false views” (Skt: dṛṣṭi-vipatti, Jap. mōken) and “false speech” (Jap: mōgo).

So far so good: there are divine words that heal and sanctify, while other words constitute means of corruption and destruction. To find out why some words heal and others hurt we need to turn to a Buddhist philosophy of language. One of the early key texts that analyse the way language works is the Diamond Sūtra (Vajracchedikā-prajñāpāramitā-sūtra). This text boldly claims that “the notion of self is not a notion; the notion of person, the notion of a sentient being, and the notion of lifespan are also not notions;” (T 235.8.752b18–20) “the so-called Buddhadharma is not the Buddhadharma. (T 235.08.749b25) In these passages, the Diamond Sūtra postulates a gap between names and reality, words and meaning, “signifier” (French: significant) and “signified” (French: signifié). Similarly, Dōgen describes this dissonance between words and meaning as follows: “At one time, there is meaning but no words; at one time there are words but no meaning; at one time, there are both meaning and words; at one time there are neither meaning nor words.” (DZZ 1: 193)

But neither the Diamond Sūtra nor Dōgen concludes that we have to give up the use of language. The Diamond Sūtra attributes immense value to concepts and language. It observes that “what is sometimes referred to as ‘all dharmas’ are not all dharmas, therefore they are called ‘all dharmas.’” (T 235.08.751b02–04) Dōgen responds to the famous Flower Sermon, in which the Buddha explained the meaning of holding up a flower on Vulture Peak by saying, “I have the eye treasury of the true Dharma. . . . It does not depend on letters and words,” (T 48.2005.293) with the sarcastic observation that “if The-World-honoured One had hated using words but loved picking up flowers, he should have picked up a flower at the latter time (instead of giving an explanation) too.” (DZZ 1: 394)

In all those passages we can see that, to the Diamond Sūtra and Dōgen, linguistic expressions are important not only to purify corruption but also to communicate the teaching of the Buddha. Yet if there is a gap between phrases and meaning, how can we ascertain which phrases cause hurt and which phrases heal. For this, we need to look to one more of Dōgen’s writings. In his fascicle Shōbōgenzō dōtoku, Dōgen rolls out what can be understood as his philosophy of language:

All Buddhas and all ancestors constitute expression. For this reason, when ancestors select ancestors, they ask whether or not they can express themselves. . . . When we express expression we do not express non-expression. Even when we recognise expression in expression, if we do not verify the depth of non-expression as the depth of non-expression, we are neither in the face of the buddha-ancestors nor in the bones and marrow of the buddha-ancestors. . . . In me, there is expression and non-expression. In him, there is expression and non-expression. In the way there is self and other and in the non-way, there is self and other. (DZZ 1: 301–5)

As mentioned above, in the Zen canon, teachers confirm the attainment of their disciples by means of linguistic expressions. However, the words we choose are incomplete; if we are not aware of this, we will set up boundaries. When we set boundaries, we distance ourselves from all buddha-ancestors. We will deny what our words do not express, we will ignore the walls we erect between us and them, between self and other. However, when our words, phrases, ideologies, and practices are inclusive, we purify ourselves and embody the body, speech, and mind of the Buddha. In other words, only when we are aware of the non-expression in our words, only when we listen to the expressions of all others will we become whole, will we be able to heal the wounds that persons, communities, and ideologies inflict. Only then will we become buddhas in this present body.

Try to remember to pray and enjoy the Buddha’s presence and blessings at the time of death, and especially try to remember him after death.

-- Tulku Thondup Rinpoche

Friday 26 June 2020

对治烦恼时,你有两种选择

净界法师

我们要对治烦恼时,你有两种选择:

  第一个时时勤拂拭,莫使惹尘埃;

  第二个本来无一物,何处惹尘埃:

  (一)、我们一般在对治烦恼是用枝末,你烦恼很重,我就抗拒你,【不能念,要它念;不能专,要它专。】蕅益大师说的:刚开始对治烦恼,譬如二军对峙,强者为胜;你有三分的力量,我用十分的力量来抗拒你,我们刚开始叫抗拒烦恼,弄到自己很辛苦,入道多辛苦,行道多退转,因为你疲于奔命嘛!所以我们刚开始对治烦恼是压抑的,好一点就转移目标,我不管你;你不管它,它还是在活动,你的病根没有解决啊!那么在时时勤拂拭当中就是对治、抗拒,这压力是很大啊!

  (二)、但是本经的方式不是这样,你不要抗拒它,你面对它,你只要问烦恼一句话:你从什么地方来?它就完了!

  烦恼最怕你回光返照;因为它没有实体,它会变现很多假相来欺骗我们,让你心有所住、然后分别…

  你看我们一个人喜欢喝咖啡,我们第一念心…一个人喝咖啡,你只有第一口真的喝到咖啡,第一口而已;你的心跟咖啡接触的时候,嗯!不错哦,这个咖啡不错,口味不错哦。你第一口真的喝到咖啡,你买的好咖啡,只有第一口受用到;第二口开始攀缘…你的心住在妄想,你没有喝到咖啡,你被妄想带着走,这咖啡是从哪里买的?它跟哪一个厂牌比较怎么样?第二口的时候,你再也喝不到咖啡,你活在你的【名言分别】当中,就是这样子!

  我们活在自己的妄想,带给我们忧愁苦恼,引生我们的生死业力就在这个地方。

  取着这个相状以后开始攀缘、分别,然后看到一个相状、又创造另外一个其它的假相,使令我们心跟境当中,产生很多很多的妄想。使令我们拜佛、念佛、持咒的效果都表现不出来,本来我们念佛持咒真的是可以产生强大力量的,但是妄想产生障碍、烦恼障。那这怎么办呢?当然你可以对治它,但是很辛苦,最好的方式就是回光返照 ─你从什么地方来?

  【觅之了不可得】。

  古人说:直了妄想无起处,通身热恼自清凉!。

  妄想是没有起处,它本来是无生嘛,是我们自己捏造出来的;它只就是一个【因缘和合虚妄有生,因缘别离虚妄名灭】。心境接触那当下,产生一个假相,当外境离开的时候,它也觅心了不可得。所以印光大师说:对治妄想就是【心常觉照,不随妄转。】不是要你去断妄想─【不随妄转】这四个字─回光返照,不随妄转就做这件事情。

When you purify the mental stains of thought and duality, not even the words ‘obstructing force’ remain. 

-- Padmasabhava, Guru Rinpoche

Thursday 25 June 2020

How to Do Metta

by Jack Kornfield

In our culture, people find it difficult to direct loving-kindness to themselves. We may feel that we are unworthy, or that it’s egotistical, or that we shouldn’t be happy when other people are suffering. So rather than start loving-kindness practice with ourselves, which is traditional, I find it more helpful to start with those we most naturally love and care about. One of the beautiful principles of compassion and loving-kindness practices is that we start where it works, where it’s easiest. We open our heart in the most natural way, then direct our loving-kindness little by little to the areas where it’s more difficult.

First, sit comfortably and at ease, with your eyes closed. Sense yourself seated here in this mystery of human life. Take your seat halfway between heaven and Earth, as the Buddha did, then bring a kind attention to yourself. Feel your body seated and your breath breathing naturally.

Think of someone you care about and love a lot. Then let natural phrases of good wishes for them come into your mind and heart. Some of the traditional ones are, “May you be safe and protected,” “May you be healthy and strong,” and “May you be truly happy.”

Then picture a second person you care about and express the same good wishes and intentions toward them.

Next, imagine that these two people whom you love are offering you their loving-kindness. Picture how they look at you with concern and love as they say, “May you too be safe and protected. May you be healthy and strong. May you be truly happy.”

Take in their good wishes. Now turn them toward yourself. Sometimes people place their hand on their heart or their body as they repeat the phrases: “May I be safe and protected. May I be healthy and strong. May I be truly happy.”

With the same care let your eyes open, look around the room, and offer your loving-kindness to everyone around you. Feel how great it is to spread the field of loving-kindness.

Now think of yourself as a beacon, spreading the light of loving-kindness like a lighthouse around your city, around the country, around the world, even to distant planets. Think, “May all beings far and near, all beings young and old, beings in every direction, be held in great loving-kindness. May they be safe and protected. May they be healthy and strong. May they be truly happy.”

The Buddha said that the awakened heart of loving-kindness and freedom is our birthright as human beings. “If these things were not possible,” he said, “I would not teach them. But because they are possible for you, I offer these teachings of the dharma of awakening.”

The relative and the ultimate, these are asserted as the two truths. The ultimate is not the domain of mind; the [domain of] mind is relative. 

-- Shantideva

Wednesday 24 June 2020

烦恼是修行的下手处

广钦老和尚

修苦行是从苦中越修越不觉得苦,而且渐渐觉得快乐轻松,并没有感到是在工作,这就是业障渐渐在消,若是越做越觉痛苦烦躁,那就是业障在翻绞。不要以为佛菩萨是多苦,佛菩萨已从苦中磨得业障消除,没有苦感,做什么事都已轻松自在,而不觉得在做什么,也不觉得自己在度众生。

论人的是非曲直,心里起不平烦恼,那就是自己的错,自己的过失。不去管他是非曲直,一切忍下,自心安之无事,那才对,自己也无犯过失,这是修行第一道,也是最上修道之法。

我们念佛就是要念到花开见佛,什么叫花开见佛?就是凡事要去火性、要忍耐,和颜悦色以道理行之,对人要亲切和蔼,不可一副冷峻的霜脸,令人望之却步,当法师的也要如此才能度众。凡事照道理来,就事论事,不可用烦恼心去应付,对人不论是善人或恶人,都是和气地平等对待,不要去看别人的过错,这样别人对我们印象好,我们心也清爽,照这样做去,心无烦恼,便是花开见佛。

参学是在参自心,参我们的烦恼心、烦闷心、对人善恶是非的分别心,参我们对一切的境界不起分别,不起烦恼,得无烦恼心、无挂碍心,是心参。

我们自身的光明要像太阳光一样,对万物一视同仁,无物不照,好人它也照,恶人它也照,好、坏是别人的事,我们总要平等慈悲,若是与人计较,则自身也是半斤八两。

我们修苦行是在借各种事境,磨炼我们不起无明烦恼,洗除习气,锻炼做人做事的各种能耐,并不是要做什么劳力事,才叫做苦行,打破对一切顺逆境的分别,就是在修苦行。出家就是要吃苦受苦,只有在苦中才能开发智慧。

修就是要修这些坏的、恶的,这些逆因缘,会启发出我们的智慧与知识,成就我们的忍辱行,让我们处处无挂碍。当我们的智慧发展到某一程度时,就能折服某一程度的烦恼,所以,越是会修行的人,越是喜欢在逆境中修。

什么事都要学习放下,不要执着,不要样样记挂在心。自己了生死,才是要紧的事,不必去理会别人在演什么戏。否则,自己跟着起烦恼,一起堕入三恶道去。

这个人生就像在演电视剧一样,各人扮演各种不同的角色,剧情发展悲欢离合、喜怒哀乐,看戏的人也随着剧情忽喜忽乐、忽忧忽悲,而这好恶忧乐,也不过是我们自己眼根对尘境,在分别取舍。我们看娑婆世界也是一样,顺境、逆境、善的、恶的,心境随之起伏,而不幸的是,我们的恶习深重,眼根对境,见恶易随,见善难徙,看到恶的,契合自己的恶性习气,就心生欢喜,恣心纵意,随顺而去;而听到佛菩萨的作为,像释迦牟尼佛、观音菩萨、地藏菩萨等,却心生为难,认为那只是佛菩萨们的境界,自己是凡夫,如何效得来,心生退却,对佛菩萨只有空赞叹。结果,好的没学到,坏的却越染越深,这就是本身没有誓愿力的缘故。

如果要练不倒单,先要从淡泊两字开始学起,等到衣食住都能无碍,贪嗔痴也都消灭了,这样子妄念自然消,才能谈到禅定功夫。

如遇高兴欢喜,则问是什么人在欢喜?如遇烦恼,则问是什么人在烦恼?

凡遇到什么事,皆一句阿弥陀佛,高兴也好,烦恼也好,要远离是非,也是一句阿弥陀佛,要静下来念佛,念到睡着也很好,一念(一念不生)能超出三界,又一念(念而无念)到西方。修行要眼假装没看到,耳装没听到,老实念佛,现在你们都是眼睛睁大大的,仔细看看。修行要人家愈不认识,愈好修。

我们打鼓时,念“公事办,公事办,公事办完办私事”,就是不可人劳我逸,只图自己念佛、拜佛、诵经,这些是属私人的事,若不发心于公事,一味地自私,只顾自己的念佛、拜佛,这样的修持,乃是执我相,心地只有越来越窄,一辈子无法解脱。反之,将身心奉常住,为众人做一切功德,令他人得到利益,这样,虽然没时间拜佛、诵经,但一切的经藏已在其中,则智慧渐开,心胸渐广。

修行人就是要在这色、声、香、味、触、法的业识顺逆中求解脱,无魔不成道,成佛哪有那么便宜之事,不经苦行,不经魔障,如何去历练无明烦恼,修行人就是在修魔障,唯有冲破魔境中的无明烦恼,方能得到解脱,也唯有舍下色声香味触法,心无挂碍,才能得到清净解脱,才能显出菩提心来。所以,修行人不能怕魔障,不能贪图安定顺境,那样是不会进步的。

我们修行,便是要修六根对六尘所起的分别烦恼,分别善恶、好音坏音种种等,这种分别就是六根不清净。修行就是要修这些分别烦恼,直至六根对六尘没有分别,才是六根清净,才能五蕴皆空。譬如说:别人骂你,那是消灾,给你不好的脸色看,那是“最上供养”,要没有分别,如获至宝。


When we train, we first must hear the words, which we then must study. Yet we must go beyond hearing and studying the words. Milerapa said " You should not just focus on the words, but you should understand the meaning." We read many different words but we must grasp the meaning. There are also the collections of the Buddha's teachings, the three baskets, extensive teachings, some even memorise extensive teachings, but if they don't stay in the mind, if they are not integrated in the mind, it will be of not much benefit. So first we must study. We must reflect upon what we have studied. We have to habituate the teachings to our mindstream. For example, we should read the Thirty- Seven Practices every day. We should read or recite aloud, but also we must also think about the words - that is something I personally practice. The point is not to complete one reading of text every day but rather engage with the meaning deeply. Even if we just talk about the very first verse or just one line in the verse! For example, "this precious ship of leisure and fortune that is so difficult to obtain" - if we only think of this, there can already be great benefit. This ship of leisure and fortune is the precious human body. When you think about it, what are those qualities and those fortunes? There are five individual fortunes and five circumstantial fortunes, and so on.

-- Garchen Rinpoche


Tuesday 23 June 2020

Birth, Ageing and Death

by Geshe Sonam Rinchen

For name and form, the six sources, contact, feeling, birth, and ageing and death to occur, the six causal factors — ignorance, formative action, consciousness, craving, grasping, and existence — must have taken place. When the process is spread over two lives, the first three of the twelve links — ignorance, formative action, and consciousness — and the eighth and ninth — craving and grasping — occur in one life and all the others in the next life. Where the process extends over more than two lives, the first three steps take place in one life, the eighth and ninth steps in another, and the others in the following life.

The three projecting causes and their four projected results are presented first. They are followed by the accomplishing causes — craving, grasping, and existence — and by birth and ageing and death, which are their results.

Sometimes birth, the eleventh link, is interpreted in the conventional way to mean the emergence of the baby from the womb. Usually, however, the consciousness of the living being at the moment of conception in the womb is defined as birth and is simultaneous with the fourth link, name and form. Consciousness at this point is referred to as resultant consciousness, whereas it is termed causal consciousness at the moment when the imprint of the action was implanted.

We have used the example of conception in the womb as a human or mammal. The greatest number of beings take a miraculous birth, although we find this difficult to believe because we do not see it. Celestial beings and those in the hell realms are born in this way. Beings are also born from eggs and through heat but the fundamental process is the same.

These days there are many good books about the development of the fetus in the womb and the description in the Buddhist texts of what occurs compares quite well with what we can see from photographic evidence. People have different ideas about what the unborn child experiences in the womb. Some say it is a pleasurable state, but from a Buddhist point of view it is considered a traumatic experience first to be confined in an increasingly uncomfortable space and then to be forced out through the birth canal. When we are born, we are incapable of speaking about it and by the time we can express ourselves, we no longer remember what we experienced in the womb.

Although it may become possible to produce human beings who have not developed in the womb, all of us humans who are in this world at present have spent some time in the womb and have gone through the experience of being born. Better to grow in the womb of a mother who is capable of loving feelings for the unborn child than to grow in a glass dish! While they were pregnant, most of our mothers took great care that no harm should come to us.

Those who claim that the fetus experiences well-being in the womb are relying on appearances and cannot recall the experience themselves. Ordinary people cannot, of course, remember it as an unpleasant experience either, but great masters with abilities far beyond our own have alluded to the unpleasantness of the fetus’s condition. Perhaps the situation of the fetus is a little like that of a prisoner who prefers the security of the jail to the insecurity of the world outside. This does not mean that a jail is a pleasant place.

Ageing and death are combined as one link. Ageing starts the moment after conception, as the body begins to develop. It always occurs before death even in the case of an unborn child that dies in the womb. All of us, whether young or old, are experiencing the twelfth link now and what is left is death. But conventionally, of course, we speak of ageing when our hair turns grey and then white, when our teeth fall out and our faculties begin to deteriorate. Ageing is the ripening of the aggregates and death is the process of giving up the aggregates. Ageing, death and sorrow, lamentation and suffering are all the result of being born.

Nagarjuna speaks of sorrow, lamentation, suffering, unhappiness, and distress. These are not included within the twelve links because it is possible to die without experiencing them if we perform many positive actions and practice sincerely during our lives. Why then does Nagarjuna mention these emotions and their expression? Since we have been born in cyclic existence, there is a strong possibility that we will die like this. By drawing our attention to it, Nagarjuna reminds us of the disadvantages of our present condition. We have been born and are definitely going to die, but we still have the opportunity to insure that we will not die in distress. We cannot afford to wait until we are actually dying. Now is the time to prepare and familiarise ourselves with what will prevent such a death. If we do this properly, it is possible to die with joy at leaving behind a decrepit and troublesome body to take a good rebirth full of potential. But if at death we are confused and full of craving and grasping, suffering is inevitable.

In general, existence and cyclic existence have the same meaning. Sometimes four types of existence are presented. The first is intermediate existence. This refers to the aggregates during the period between existence at death and existence at rebirth, and it is a relatively subtle state. The second is existence at birth, referring to the aggregates at conception, which can be equated with the eleventh link, birth.

Preparatory existence extends from the moment after conception until the moment of death, which indicates that our life is a preparation for death. Some commentators have misinterpreted the term preparatory existence and have taken it to refer to the intermediate state that follows death. People often mistakenly think that the being in the intermediate state looks like the deceased person. When we die and become a being in the intermediate state, we do not look like the person who died but like the being we will become in our next rebirth. Finally there is existence at death, which is the moment of death itself.

The eleventh link may be taken to refer just to the moment of conception, to the period from conception until conventional birth has taken place, or to the period extending from conception until death. In any case ageing begins immediately after we have been conceived. Ageing is the moment-by-moment change that occurs while the continuum of aggregates of a similar type persists. Giving up the aggregates of a similar type marks death.

As we die, confusion and clinging to the self are present, which Nagarjuna refers to as sorrow. The verbal expression of this grief and sorrow is lamentation. As the power of the physical senses diminishes, there is suffering. The mental anguish that accompanies this is termed unhappiness. As a result of the physical and mental experiences that occur all kinds of delusions arise and we feel acute distress. Where does all of this come from? From being born. Through the force of the various causes and conditions described in the twelve-part process this aggregation of suffering comes into being.

The text says, “Thus these exclusively painful aggregates come into being.” The word exclusively is loaded with meaning. It implies that these painful aggregates are totally unrelated to happiness, are not in any way connected with a real “I” or “mine,” and that they are merely attributed by naming. They have come into existence through a variety of causes and conditions — in this case the projecting causes and the accomplishing causes as well as many other factors — therefore they have no intrinsic existence in and of themselves and are merely an aggregation of suffering, a collection of suffering, an accumulation of suffering. They exist nominally as a mere attribution dependent on a panoply of causes and conditions.

The Buddha once said, “I do not argue with worldly people, but they argue with me.” It means that the Buddha understands where people’s desire and attachment come from. But when people hear the Buddha speak of impermanence, emptiness and not-self, they refuse to accept and constantly raise objections. Actually, it is no surprise that people object since the Buddha’s viewpoints are something they have never heard of or thought about before, and are entirely contrary to their usual way of thinking. So object they must. Still, truth is truth. Worldly people can object all they want at first, but eventually they will have to accept it.

-- Khenpo Tsultrim Lodro Rinpoche

Monday 22 June 2020

粉碎旧知识直入当下是般若

一行禅师

伟大的科学发现乃源于智慧而非思惟的呈现。科学家们的工具不仅是智力和实验室,他们整个灵魂都沉浸于工作中。智慧为心灵准备好沃土,并在其中播洒种子。在种子发芽前,智慧只能静观其变,企图揠苗助长只是徒然挣扎。

然后,在出其不意的时刻,种子在智慧中茁壮。由于科学家事先“孵育”它们,所以这些时刻往往都会降临。不论行住坐卧间,科学家都在脑中“孵”这个问题,直到解答“突然灵光一现”。

新发现会打破固有知识的藩篱,而有“智”之士也必须毁掉旧有的架构去建造明天的新气象。旧知识是通往新智慧的障碍,也就是佛教所说的“知识障”。伟大的科学家犹如觉者,内心也经历过巨变。如果他们能够获得甚深的了悟,那是因为他们的观察、专注和觉知的能力都高度开发。

智慧,并非知识的累积,相反地,是努力不受知识束缚的结果。智慧粉碎旧知识以迎接更能契合实相的新知识。当哥白尼发现地球绕著太阳运行,使当时大部分的天文学知识都必须舍弃,包括天在上、地在下的观念。

今日的物理学正勇敢地奋斗,希望摆脱古典科学所强调的恒等式和因果观念。科学就像“道”一样,强烈要求我们抛弃所有预设的观念。

当释迦牟尼提出“无我”的观念,他推翻许多有关生命和宇宙的概念。他严厉批判一般人最坚固和广泛的认知——即有一个“永恒自我”的存在。

凡是了解“无我”意义的人都明白,其作用在于推翻“自我”,而不是以新的实相概念来取代。“无我”的概念是一种手段而非目的,如果它沦为一种概念,就必须跟所有其他概念一样被摧毁。

般若智慧常被人类用概念、思想和文字来描述。但是般若智慧不是零散知识的聚集,而是一种直接而当下的融人。在感觉的领域,是觉受(受):在知性的领域,是知觉(想)。智慧不是理性思惟的顶点,而是一种直觉。它无时不刻在我们身上展现,而我们却无法以语言、思想或概念来描述它。“不可名状”正是这种境况的写照。

在佛教中谈及这类的了悟,也是“不能以理智推演、讨论,或纳入任何教义和思想体系之中的”。 


Every year, every month, every week, every day, every hour, every minute, every second, our lives are shorter, not longer. So we need to practice well.

-- Chokyi Nyima Rinpoche

Sunday 21 June 2020

Tara: A Powerful Feminine Force in the Buddhist Pantheon

by Meher McArthur

In the northern schools of Buddhism, the rich traditional pantheon of deities is, like in many religious and spiritual traditions, somewhat male-dominated. At the centre is Shakyamuni Buddha, a man who lived among us some 2,500 years ago and attained spiritual perfection.

In the Tantric traditions of the Himalayas, there are also the Five Dhyani-Buddhas or Five Tathagatas (self-born, celestial) — Vairocana, Amoghasiddhi, Amitabha, Ratnasambhava, and Akshobhya — all manifestations of various teachings and spiritual powers of the Buddha, and also all male. Bodhisattvas, compassionate beings who have postponed their own enlightenment to remain in this realm and help other sentient beings, are also described in texts and depicted in art as male, although the most revered of these, Avalokiteshvara sometimes assumes a female form.

Then there are arhats (holy men), Kings of Light, wrathful deities, and various lesser divinities who help followers along their spiritual path. These too are mostly male and are often depicted embracing their female consorts. Independent female deities are relatively scarce, however, there is one Buddhist deity who is not only supremely beautiful in her representations, but is also believed to possess spiritual power that is at least the equal of her male cosmic counterparts: Tara.

Tara is undoubtedly the most powerful female deity in the Buddhist pantheon. Her name means “star” in Sanskrit and she is believed to possess the ability to guide followers, like a star, on their spiritual path. In some northern Buddhist traditions, she is considered a bodhisattva and is often described in texts and depicted in imagery as the female consort of the most widely revered bodhisattva, Avalokiteshvara. In some Buddhist legends, it is said that she was born from one of Avalokiteshvara’s tears, shed in a moment of deep compassion. Other Buddhist legends, however, tell of a devout Buddhist princess who lived millions of years ago who became a bodhisattva, vowing to keep being reborn in female form (rather than in male form, which was considered more advanced on the path to enlightenment) to continue helping others. She remained in a state of meditation for 10 million years, thus releasing tens of millions of beings from suffering. Since then, she has manifested her enlightenment as the goddess Tara.

In the Himalayan region, especially in Tibet and Nepal, Tara’s status is more that of a supreme goddess or female buddha than a bodhisattva. She is referred to as the Wisdom Goddess, the Embodiment of Perfected Wisdom, the Goddess of Universal Compassion, and the Mother of all Buddhas. As benefits such a supremely powerful and compassionate deity, she is often depicted in painting and sculpture seated on a lotus throne in a pose that is at once regal and solicitous. The “pose of royal ease,” or lalitasana, is typically adopted by bodhisattvas such as Avalokiteshvara, Manjushri, and Maitreya, usually depicted sitting in lotus position with the right leg hanging down over the edge of the lotus, or bent with the knee up and foot flat on the ground. In Tara’s case, however, her right foot is usually shown positioned on a smaller lotus, not so much relaxing but appears poised to propel her into action should her followers need her assistance.

In Himalayan representations, Tara can appear in as many as 21 forms, and in painting and pieced-silk images, she is depicted in five different colours — like the Five Dhyani-Buddhas — the most common of which are Green Tara (after a Chinese princess in a Buddhist legend) and White Tara (after a Nepalese princess). Green Tara is associated with enlightened activity and active compassion and is the manifestation from which all her other forms emanate. In the pieced-silk thangka by artist Leslie Rinchen-Wongmo, Green Tara is shown seated on her lotus throne holding lotuses, an attribute that she shares with her male counterpart, Avalokiteshvara. Her lotus is usually the blue or night lotus (Skt: utpala), a flower that releases its fragrance with the appearance of the moon. So as well as being associated with the stars, Tara is also related to the moon and the night. As Green Tara, she is also associated with fertility and the growth and nourishment of plants, flowers, and trees.

White Tara is associated with maternal compassion and healing. In many representations, she has eyes in the palms of her hands and on the soles of her feet, as well as in the centre of her forehead, representing her power to see those who are suffering and offer her aid. The pieced-silk thangka illustrated above clearly depicts the eyes in her palms, as she holds her right palm outward to grant the wishes of her followers. White Tara is specifically associated with practices aimed at lengthening one’s lifespan in order to continue the practice of the Dharma and to progress further along the path to spiritual fulfilment.

With all of these attributes, Tara has much to offer female Buddhists. For much of the history of Buddhism, female practitioners have been taught that in order to attain enlightenment they must be reborn as a male; only then can they progress toward full spiritual liberation. The presence of Tara in the Buddhist pantheon over the centuries, both as a bodhisattva and as a female buddha, has offered a sense of inclusivity and hope of spiritual salvation to many female practitioners. Sculptures such as this elegant 18th or 19th century bronze figure from Nepal, which manifests the serenity that comes with the perfected wisdom and the grace that accompanies true compassion, are some of the world’s most exquisite and potent representations of female spirituality.

Compassion is the very root for the development of knowledge. 

-- Khenpo Tsultrim Rinpoche

Saturday 20 June 2020

Dalai Lama - Inner World: Compassion


The Dalai Lama’s 85th birthday, July 6, will see the release of Inner World, a new, 11-track album featuring His Holiness reciting mantras and leading short teachings. Listen to the first released track, “Compassion,” which features the famous mantra Om Mani Padme Hum, below.


The mantra invokes Chenrezig (Avalokiteshvara), the Bodhisattva of Compassion.

降伏昏沉掉举

妙祥法师

一、克服昏沉与掉举

这个昏沉是来源于我们平时对佛法的恳切心不足,你只是打坐,是在打坐,但是没有把生死这件大事情十分放在心头上。要说没放在心头上这冤枉我们了,确实为了生死才去打坐的。但是心里还是不着急,认为了生死还有时间,还有很多事要做。如果明天可能不在这个世间了,叫你睡你也睡不着,是不是?我们之所以能够昏沉,能睡着,就是我们的生死心不切,这是一个方面。
  
再一个方面,包括掉举呀,这些主要一个就是我们在修行中,有个上道的过程。比如说,起来自己迷糊糊就打坐去了,或是处在一种迷糊的状态去打坐,而且你不知道这种迷糊和那个打坐是两个概念。打坐不是迷糊,而迷糊不是禅定,所以你这个得分清楚。

如果出现了昏沉和掉举这种现象怎么办?你应该是振作一下精神,提一下话头或佛号。比如参话头,你就提一下“念佛是谁”,再反复地提,反复提。念佛呢,你就反复地念“阿弥陀佛,阿弥陀佛,阿弥陀佛,阿弥陀佛……”,念得紧一下,把这个掉举克服。

如果再克服不了,你就可以下坐,下坐经行,经行就是走,绕圈走。如果这个走克服不了,就跑香啊,跑得呼呼直喘的时候突然站住,马上这个困意、睡意就都不在了。这时候身体的放松和肌肉的运动,都达到了一定的热乎程度,往下一坐,很快地心里就平静下来了。因为一跑,这个妄想呢,它也就不去想了。原先你是慢慢走啊,或坐那儿,妄想就自己不断地相续啊,想完这个再接着想那个。这一跑,哪个你也想不成。这就是说呢,很快就能得到定力,这是一个办法。

比如说,还有一些掉举的行为,头低得过低,还有的坐得不牢靠,这些事情都可以克服。一般坐的时候这个脖子要靠衣领上,靠后面的衣领,不要过低,过低很容易压气,过高我们很容易睡着了,睡着了也不好。就说脖子正好靠着衣领,这个角度比较合适。为什么要头正、腰直,这是因为和我们的心有关系。我们心在得到正定的时候,身体自然而然就会做到这种有定力的状态了,它不是疲劳和不疲劳的事情。所以说,做好一个不掉举的姿势,这都是很重要的。

二、烦恼为打坐助缘

在打坐中,有时觉得静不下来,也得继续坐下去,坚持下来。“静”不下来也说明我们在“得”,你以为发现自己“静”下来了才是清净,其实你平时根本就不知道有个“静”字,是不是?你打坐发现了“静”,就说明我们在得了。得呢,是肯定得了,但是你后来呢,如果能一个小时都比较平稳,那就更好了。“得”与“得”的好和坏的问题,就是第一步和第二步的问题。

因为你本来坐的时候就散乱,但也比不坐强。坐的时候你觉得散乱,你看你要是不坐更散乱,是不是?你坐了,正像你说的,坐了后散乱,是散乱在行为上。真正某些行动上。其实他的定力早就得了。这个“得”,不能按照你心里的想法来断定,因为它是无相的东西,是不是?有时候,你判断不准确,你觉得心里很乱,说现在我修行怎么越修越完了,越修越乱了。实际上你不知道这种乱只是去除灰尘的过程,实际上你早就得了。

打坐没有时间的限制,多长时间都可以,时间越长越好。哪怕你坐得非常散乱,就是心里很忙,打很多妄想,也比不坐强。你觉得散乱,但是你没有这个散乱的过程,你哪有以后的定,是不是?都得经过这个过程。

比如说打坐,修一修自己就觉得闹心了,烦躁了。认为自己根本不行,认为自己修行不好,没法往前修了,所以放弃了,这就是我们最大的毛病,实际上你不知道这一步你迈了多少。一步有一步的变化,一步有一步的一个坎,一步有一步那个加持在里面。所以说,你不懂这个问题,是不是?表面上是暗,实际上是在修定的一个过程,就这个过程,有的不认识。甚至在乱中的时候更要诵咒。应该在静中的时候早晨诵咒,晚上静的时候打坐,你越乱的时候越应该诵咒,越应该打坐。

这个乱就像人往火坑里跳似的,这个时候你能不去抓住这根救命草、救命绳往上爬吗?那个时候你得顺着它,叫它下来,是不是?这个时候你更得需要这个咒或是禅定了。这个时候虽然你打坐也打不进去。而且呢,甚至你诵咒诵的也不准确,但是效果要比你在平时静的时候打坐诵咒,功德要大得多得多。你那个时候是在不动的地方,是在好的地方去修行,在正常情况下修行。而你这个是在危险的时候修行,能一样吗,是不是?

在危险的时候如果能修行,那在什么时候你都能修行了。你在那个静地方修行,也是为了出现危险的时候好能控制自己,是不是?你不能在危险的时候放松自己,那是绝对不正确的。甚至有的人认为:“在危险的时候先别打坐,你看那么乱,干吗呀,去随顺一下子吧,等到晚上静了的时候,没人的时候你再打坐吧,省得如何如何。”或是:“你现在别念佛了,这儿人太多了,静一静再念佛吧。你咒也别诵了,那么些人多忙叨(指行动匆忙急迫的样子)。你说是不是?”

所以说,你不能丢了最可喜的时间,就应该在这个地方互相争夺,不是你死就是我活,是不是?这个时候你绝不能让步。它就在这个时候争夺你,你就在这个时候把真心找回来,绝不让它争夺过去,就完事了。所以说,得经过火中炼红莲嘛,是不是?就在困难中修,在乱中修,在烦恼中修,去争夺,去珍惜那一份去。

三、克服坐禅中的困难

我们就以为,坐禅得有个禅堂,没有禅堂就不能坐禅了。另外,我们以为坐禅得需要一个安静的地方,有汽车的地方就不能坐禅了;走道不能坐禅;吃饭不能坐禅;做事情不能坐禅,这是一种错误的概念。越是这样的环境,越是好修行的地方。所以说用不上功,是我们没有去把这生死看得那么近。

另外呢,我们对什么叫坐禅不了解。坐禅并不是坐那个身体,我们是坐那个心,这是主要的。至于有时候坐不端正,我们可以逐渐地调整。因为我们的条件已经很好,很殊胜了,是我们过去没有吃过苦,不知道这个条件来得太不容易了。

像行脚的时候,走道的时候,哪有坐禅的机会啊!每天你得走,还要完成四十里路,还要乞食,根本就没有坐的机会。现在大家有这么个条件,师父在外面护着,包括居士的护持。有这么个机会,我们还在这里挑别人打呼噜啦,或是身子不正啦等等。这是我们没有受苦,要是受点苦你就知道,这可来得太不容易了。另外呢,就是杂念纷飞,本来我们总爱往外看,原先就是杂念纷飞。说“我不坐的时候没有那么多杂念”,那是不对的。你不坐,永远不知道你杂念纷飞;等你坐的时候,就知道杂念纷飞了。所以这是最关键的地方。

很多人坐禅的时候,就以为:“我一坐禅反而妄想多了,不坐禅就没有妄想。”他不知道他原先就和妄想是一家,坐禅等于有了一面镜子,来发现了妄想。本来是个好事,但是他就不肯,就是认识到这个问题,也不敢面对现实,他以为杂念反来影响他。实际上,这时正好是去掉妄想最好的机会。越是这样发现了妄想,就好像找出了毛病,我就越要在妄想中坐。

你今天不妄想纷飞吗,那我明天还坐,到时候非得把妄想一点点灭掉不可,一定要把妄想坐没了。坐没了不就是对治吗,你上哪儿找去?所以说,那个禅啊,都是硬坐出来的,不是一坐那儿就没有妄想了。

“昏沉掉举”,昏沉掉举是我们正念不足,这是一个关键。另外呢,你也不知道应该怎么做。比如说,你脖子要贴在衣领上,脖子后面要贴着后面衣领上;如果你腰挺不直,你就靠垫子,一下子挺起来。这时你就想:这个修行来之不容易,在了生死这块儿,我要把它做好。昏沉掉举马上就没有。

它不是事实,因为昏沉掉举不是事实。如果一困了的时候,稍微昏沉一点,这都可以理解。对于这件事情,我们就是没有把它看得很正确,比如说昏沉、掉举,我们也要在这上用功,首先要把它,像你说的——你躺下好几天,为什么要躺下好几天呢?就想把这个心平静下来,是不是?想把它调整过来,所以说,你用躺的方式或吃药的方式,想把它控制住。而它也是,在这个过程中,同样也需要一种昏沉和掉举,这是没有办法的事,它必然要带来这个副作用。虽然昏沉掉举,但是他终归是在那儿坐着,你知道吧,同样也会完成这个什么呢?就是这个打坐的过程。

如果天天要那么有精神,那不是咱的修行方式。那得什么样呢?一天那得睡十个小时觉,或是十二三四个小时觉,还得吃饱饱的。坐那块儿,只能坐一支香、两支香,多坐一点儿他都坐不了。因为啥呢?他这个妄想比你的还厉害,只不过他睡不着了,坐那块儿还像回事。

所以说,昏沉掉举是一种暂时的现象,这个很正常。过去有句话,你在闹市精进佛也担忧,在山林里睡大觉佛也放心。就这句话,你看你在禅堂,你昏沉掉举啊,也算修行。如果你要说:“这时间我也不坐,我上外面去溜达,省得昏沉掉举。”那佛都担心,你就在外面怎么精进,也和这是两个概念。他终归是敢走这条路,已经在这走了,在坐禅了,知道吗?只不过坐得不好。就怕你坐都不敢坐,他昏沉掉举的和那个不坐的是两个概念,你知道吗?昏沉掉举只是一个过程。

另外我们可以参话头,先慢慢对治这些事情,不可能没有掉举昏沉。虽然不是个好事,但对我们来讲,要从某个角度讲,比不坐要强得多得多。它也是修行中的一个过程,得慢慢克服,人不可能老是精神下去,得一点点来。只要能坐得住,那说明心还是老实,你能睡着觉,那都算老实。宁可在丛林睡大觉,不上小庙瞎胡闹。是吧?你看他昏沉掉举,他在道上,你看你没在那儿坐,在那屋里休息,实际已经离开道了,这不一样。

四、打坐如何克服昏沉

“打坐如何克服昏沉”哪,这个问题就得长久地来做——得多打坐。只要定力增加了,它就不昏沉;定力不增加,它就昏沉。外面的妄想打得越多,打坐的时候昏沉就越厉害。你看,不打坐,唠闲嗑的时候挺精神,一打坐,昏沉就特别厉害。就是他把精神都浪费在其它方面上了,到真正用功的时候,他就没有定力了,所以就产生昏沉。

要克服昏沉,第一个就是如何增加定力,不能光在打坐的时候增加定力。应该平时不闻、不看、不去感觉,这就是为打坐增加定力,昏沉自然就要轻。另外,打坐时臀下面要垫得高一点,稍高一点,垫完了以后腰能挺起来,这样的话,它也能减少昏沉。再一个是少吃,吃得过多也昏沉,这也是一个现象。

要想克服昏沉,这里有很多方法。如果多诵戒,它也可以减少昏沉。特别是诵《金刚经》,它也会克服昏沉。主要是要有一个了脱生死的心,他就可以克服昏沉。但昏沉也不是一下就能克服的,必须得长久地去做功夫才能达到。

五、打坐时昏沉怎么办

打坐确实会出现昏沉,我们应该用各种方法来调解。说用尽方法,其实还是没用尽,你不信,如果一个警察在后面拿枪指着你,看你还昏沉,敢吗你说?不敢!你看弄个挺厉害的狗搁你那儿趴着,或一条蛇在跟前,我看你昏沉?绝对不会昏沉。就是说昏沉其中有一个什么呢?就是生死心不切,你看警察搁那儿,说:“你要动一下我就给你毙了!”你看说什么他也不动,他再也不昏沉了。要是狗在后面咬怎么办?他也不敢动;怕蛇咬——“这要是钻到我衣服袖里,你说多难受啊!”所以说,他说什么也不敢动,因为它涉及到生死问题,所以他就不敢动。为什么我们老昏沉,就是生死心不切,这是一个问题。

再一个,方法用得不得当,这就是说有时搁那儿一坐,第一个念头“我得休息休息”,他把打坐当成休息了,心里没有想克服昏沉的意念,所以他一下就昏沉了,这是一个。有的也采取了很多方法,还昏沉,这时可以坐高一点,把身子勒住。因为把座儿稍微垫高一点,把身子先从头部开始勒,用意念勒,头正梗直,下颌微收,稍微收一点。然后手这么一放,把腰固定住,就像板儿固定住了,最后腿这块儿把它盘好,像个石头坐那块儿,把它勒成一个圈。最后把身心放下,就不容易倒,也不容易昏沉了,这也是很好一个办法,最起码能维持很长时间。

但关于昏沉还有一种说法,说少吃可以减少昏沉,这也确实存在,少吃食物。因为食物里特别是面食,面食面包含有5-羟色胺,这个5-羟色胺本身就像一种催眠剂、镇静剂似的,所以吃完了容易昏沉。所以世间人为什么晚上强调不吃饭呢?有的瘦,晚上就吃饭,吃完了过不了几天肯定就是个大胖子。

谈到昏沉我还想起一个事来,有一个师父,出家二十多年了。打了几个般舟七?打了九个。九十天一个七,打了九个般舟七,差一个十个,五年打了九个般舟七,非常精进。有时候打到半道不合适了,有坐着、有跪着或其他方式,马上就舍去,完了再重新打。腿肿得很厉害,但非常好。他跟我说过那么一个事,他说:“我为了克服昏沉啊,我就吃菜不搁油。吃白食啊,不搁油。所以说现在一点油腻不能进,很少能进,到你这儿来,我这破例了,吃点带油的菜,原来不吃这个。”

你们大家说这种说法对不对啊?

弟子:对。

对。还有没有说的?

弟子:……

她说《金刚总持论》说不吃油盐酱醋为外道法——咱先不谈这些事。我跟他讲这么个事,我说:“昏沉确实是不应该的。但是呢,你如果不吃油盐酱醋,首先不吃盐和油,本身是先分别,心先分别食物有个好和坏。由于这个分别,而好像达到了一种清醒的状态,但这个清醒的状态并非是真清醒。”

佛法修行的根本是以什么为标准呢?是以心不动、不分别为根本。他分别在先,以为食物会克服自己的昏沉,所以说对食物就产生了分别。产生了分别以后,他的修行就在分别的基础上去修。所以说苦修确实苦修,但是为什么最后的成就不像想象得那么好?首先毛病就出在分别这块儿上了。

我跟他讲:“宁可昏沉我也不分别,昏沉我可以慢慢克服。但分别心起来,那是没法克服的,所以说不能因小失大,一念分别就会到三恶道里去了。”分别心在修行中至关重要,为什么《金刚经》讲“应无所住生其心”?“应无所住”是什么意思?就是不分别叫“应无所住”,它就能生其心,如果你分别了,这个心就不会出现了。不管你昏沉不昏沉它也不会出现了,所以说首先是不分别,再慢慢地在这个基础上想法去消除这个昏沉,这才是对的。

不能再要求食物是什么样的、什么条件,能用和不能用,除了佛戒内规定的,其他的不能再分别。有的人就出现这毛病了——我现在修行了,我今天觉得胃不太舒服,师父能不能给我做点面片?明天给我做点这个,后天做点那个。行,这倒是可以照顾,你要是病重了可以照顾。后天就又提出别的了,在这里就鼓捣起来了,所以最后就影响了你的结果。

你说这个师父不努力吗?非常努力,我闭关前就认识了,你想九个般舟七,那不是一般人能做得了的苦行。就我都不敢下这个决心,也想打般舟七,还没敢下定决心打九个般舟七。确实很殊胜,努力地实践,最后的结果是什么结果?就是说把分别的东西还当成宝贝了,你说多可惜!我为什么跟你们讲这个事?就是让大家一定要警惕,不分别才是最殊胜的,在这个基础上再调治昏沉问题,这个很重要。

换句话说,我宁可用不分别这个心去干吗呢?去马上死掉,也不为了分别而存在,这是修道的精神。你要掌握这个标准的话,修道无往而不利,是不是?为什么我们很多的人就是——我也出家了,师父你告诉的东西我也去做了,我也去努力了,但是为什么我现在的成就就是不理想呢?就是你这个分别心还存在着,留有余地,虽然这个地方没在,但在别的地方分别了。一个衣服你也分别好和坏;吃饭也分别“给我没给我”;哪个好吃、不好吃;别人先给了,我怎么后给了;给多给少了等等。上厕所也抢着位置,没有啥不分别,到处都分别。虽然你在这儿修,最后的结果是什么?很难成就。

成就的根本你给舍掉了,所以你能成就吗?虽然我们有很多的业障不假,业障是有。但是你要用不分别心而去努力做的话,他也同样会成就的——这是方法,你得掌握住根本的东西。重点的东西你得掌握,虽然同是为了修道,但是方法也要正确。所以根本的东西不能舍去,不分别是根本的东西。

Practice in a straightforward way. There is no need to live in fantasy and 'pretend' to be anything other than what you are. Be honest and open with yourself — if you are a good person, recognise that goodness and build upon it. If you are a deluded person, recognise that delusion and begin to disentangle yourself from it, be rid of it. It is essential that your practice be pure, straightforward and honest.

-- Dilgo Khyentse Yangsi Rinpoche

Friday 19 June 2020

Discriminating Right and Wrong Paths

by Lama Dudjom Dorjee

An essential aspect of our journey toward liberation is being able to discriminate between right and wrong paths. In short, we must follow the path of the great bodhisattvas and avoid falling onto the paths of samsara.

To follow a right path, we must practice the three yanas of the sacred doctrine of the buddhadharma. This includes utilising deity visualisation practices without any reservations and without cultivating attachment to those practices. From the ultimate point of view, we must practice beyond the notions of conditional and non-conditional, not allowing ourselves to fall into the extremes of existence and nonexistence. Yet from a relative point of view, we must follow the path of the bodhisattva and continue to practice behaviour consistent with the altruistic mind, which ultimately leads us to liberation. Even from the Hinayana point of view, we must follow the right path of renunciation of and detachment towards samsara so that we may attain the state of an arhat.

In the end, choosing and committing to a right path, whether it be Hinayana, Mahayana, or Vajrayana, rather than a wrong path or no path at all, will determine the results that are produced by our practice.

Despite our desire for happiness, we easily lose track of the real purpose of our activities, getting bogged down by the very methods we thought would bring us what we want. So although a businessman tries to achieve a good and happy life by increasing his wealth, he often gets trapped in the process of making money. Day in and day out, he is completely preoccupied with acquiring, conserving, and expanding his wealth. After many years, he dies in the midst of his sole preoccupation — making money — while having completely lost sight of his initial goal, which was to find happiness.

-- Shechen Rabjam Rinpoche

Thursday 18 June 2020

怎样避免变成“佛油子”?

達真堪布

我们作为佛的追随者,作为佛的学生,就要学会改变自己的命运。想改变命运,仅走形式没有用,形式上的事情我们已经做了很多。若想改变命运,就要改变心态。

心态改变了,命运就能改变,这是真实不虚的。很多人跟着我学修,后来对我说:“以前没有学、没有修的时候,在单位不行,领导对我不好,同事对我不好;在家里也不行,家人对我不好,儿子也不听话。但是真正学佛修行以后,都变了。同事、领导对我好了,家人也对我好了,孩子也听话了……”这是真的。通过佛法,通过修行,自己心量打开了,相续成熟了,生活、工作变顺利了,人变清净了……有人说这是上师的加持!不是,这是你自己认真修行的结果。

看看自己,学佛这么多年,有改变吗?生活有改变吗?心态有改变吗?若是没有改变,一切都徒劳无益!大家真的要好好观察自己。上等修行人,日日有进步,日日有改变;中等修行人,月月有进步,月月有改变;下等修行人,年年有进步,年年有改变。自己看看,若是不如上等修行人,也就罢了;不如中等修行人,也可以原谅自己;若是连下等修行人也不如,那就该批评、惩罚自己了。不能还纵容自己的习气,“没事,我是凡夫,慢慢来吧……”这样就难了。

有的不仅没有进步,甚至退步了。的确有改变,但没有往好的方向改变,而是往坏的方向改变了,越来越差了。有些人刚开始听法,特别专注,每堂课都泪流满面,深有感触。听了一个月乃至一年,心越来越冷漠,越来越硬了。现在给他讲这些法的功德,讲造业的过患、因果……也没什么感觉,快要变成佛教的油子了!罪业深重,不怕;对佛法一无所知,也不怕:这些人很容易被感化、调伏。但是,佛教油子很难调化!道理上都懂,表面上都会,但是法没有融入自己的心,没有用来改变心,这样真的完了!

所以,尽管你没有明白那么多,尽管你表面上不是太精进,做得也不是太多,但是只要能在明白的基础上尽量去消化,来对治自己的烦恼习气,这就行了。虽然做得少,但是既然做了,就要表里如一,如理如法。少做一点可以,少明白点也可以,主要是运用。但是,我们现在都是得过且过,一切错过了。若想改变,就要靠心。心改变了,命运可以改变,现在的生活状态也可以改变。


Within our impure mind, the pure one is to be found.

-- Venerable Hui Neng


Wednesday 17 June 2020

Choosing an Illuminated Buddhist Teacher

by Venerable Sheng Yen

Question: How does one choose an illuminated Buddhist teacher? 

Answer: The Confucian scholar Han Yu (768–824) once said: “Skills and trades are specialised fields.” Therefore, to enter a field of practice, one needs to find a good teacher who is an expert and excels in his or her own field. This principle applies to all pursuits, whether scholastic, arts, or crafts. It also applies to studying Buddhism. An illuminated teacher of Buddhism may not always be a student of another illuminated teacher, and an illuminated teacher may not produce a brilliant student. But by studying with an illuminated teacher at least one would not be misled onto a wrong path, or be taught the wrong principles. It would, in fact, be much safer than being in a “blind leading the blind” situation. 

But who is an illuminated teacher of Buddhism? It is often hard for a beginner to know whether someone would be a good teacher, especially with regard to their depth of religious experience and meditative cultivation. Such a teacher does not have to be famous, but a teacher who has been widely recognised would be better and more reliable than a self-proclaimed one with no known reputation. When we are in no position to judge whether a teacher is good or not, it would be safer to follow a recognised teacher. It would also be better if a relatively unknown teacher is recommended by a recognised teacher. 

It would also be acceptable to have a  trustworthy teacher to introduce you to another one. In the Avatamsaka Sutra, the lay practitioner Sudhana visited fifty-three great spiritual mentors, each new one being introduced by the previous one. Thus, those fifty-three teachers formed a chain of relationships, and each was an illuminated teacher. Therefore, we know that Sudhana was not blindly seeking teachers, like a sick person frantically searching for a doctor.

Throughout history, there have been those who proclaimed themselves as great lineage masters. They would speak fallacies to puzzle and overwhelm people, reverse right and wrong, and mislead the public. They would freely recruit disciples and followers to exaggerate their strength. If one fails to recognise this kind of situation, it is easy to mistake a famous and deviant impostor as an illuminated teacher. The Confucian scholar Mencius said: “The big peril with people  is that they all want to be other people’s teacher.” Because deviant teachers misguide people, they create turmoil, imbalance, confusion, and disorder in our society. Not only will one who learns their deviant ways, thoughts and skills fail to broaden one’s horizons, one will end up harming one’s own body and mind, and cause tension and conflict in one’s family. It’s a pity that people cannot discern these impostors’ true characters, and their false and evil identities. 

From the Buddhist standpoint the standards of good and evil, as well as honesty and deception, are based on the examination of a person’s self-centredness. A person with strong tendencies of greed and anger would certainly not be a good teacher. Someone who appears to be kind, with pleasant countenance and high morale, but is arrogant, overbearing and rude, is also definitely not a good teacher. 

In Volume 9 of Master Nagarjuna’s Treatise on the Great Perfection of Wisdom (Chinese Dazhidu Lun; Sanskrit Mahaprajnaparamita Shastra) there are four critical points – the four principles of reliance (Chn. siyifa; Skt. pratisarana) that we may apply to our search for an illuminated teacher: 

FIRST: RELIANCE ON THE DHARMA OR TEACHING RATHER THAN THE PERSON  

A good teacher is not self-centred, nor does he or she regard any particular individual as the authority; instead, a good teacher uses the common principles and criteria of Buddhism as the standard. This standard teaching is based on the principles of cause-and-effect and causes-and-conditions. If a teacher violates these principles, he or she is not considered a good teacher. Because cause-and-effect makes us responsible for our own actions, causes-and-conditions teach us not to develop greed or anger towards any phenomenon. Otherwise, even if students see a teacher as a sage, if the teacher propagates the wrong  teachings, he or she is no different from a deviant teacher. 

SECOND: RELIANCE ON THE MEANING OR SPIRIT RATHER THAN THE WORDS  

True laws and principles can be applied everywhere in the world and at all times; they are not different because of the differences in race, regions, or cultural backgrounds. If a teacher claimed that religious taboos or mysterious language were part of the teachings, then what they teach would not be considered as the right laws. The right laws emphasise consistency and connectedness in term of reason and signification; they are not to be constrained by differences of words and languages. For instance, Arabic Muslims stress the importance of the Arabic language, while  Judaism focuses on the Hebrew language; these are contrary to this principle. Buddhists study Sanskrit and Pali for the purpose of investigating the sutras for their original meanings, not because these languages are sacred or have any special spiritual power. In contrast, the importance of Sanskrit and the sound of the words in and of themselves are emphasised in Hinduism, making it different from Buddhism. 

THIRD: RELIANCE ON WISDOM RATHER THAN ON DISCURSIVE THINKING  

Wisdom in Buddhism refers to the realisation by sages of the great wisdom of no-self and unconditional great compassion. Therefore, as long as there is self-centredness, whether for oneself or others, for all sentient beings, or for seeking unsurpassed Buddhahood, and as long as there is a sense of self, whether it is the small-self, large-self, pure-self, or supreme self, it will be impossible to generate true wisdom; one’s understanding will still belong to the scope of knowledge, intellect, and consciousness. Knowledge comes from the functions of differentiation, memory, and reasoning in the learning experience of the self. However, in true wisdom  there are only objective phenomena without subjective referencing; only functioning without reference to any substance or essence. If a person does not teach in accordance to this principle, he or she is not a good teacher. 

FOURTH:  RELIANCE ON THE DEFINITIVE MEANING RATHER THAN THE PROVISIONAL MEANING 

As far as definitive meaning is concerned, there is no Dharma to be taught, no Dharma to be attached to, no Dharma to be learned, no Dharma to be practised, and no Dharma to be attained. Just as the teachings on no thought, no form, and no abiding in The Platform Sutra of the Sixth Patriarch indicate, there is no need of any reason and there is nothing extraordinary; just carry on with eating, dressing, living, benefiting self and others, diligently practising without slacking. 

According to these four principles, you should be able to distinguish without difficulty who is a good teacher and who is not. Then, as long as you follow these four principles to investigate and visit the teachers you wish to follow, nothing much can go wrong. With time, even if you can’t find an illuminated teacher, you might become one yourself.