In Search of the Buddhist Body

by Asa Hershoff

The empowerment or wongkur is an essential part of Vajrayana Buddhist tantra, as well as Shaivite and other Eastern traditions. It is the entry point, the transmission of the seed of enlightenment, and permission to enter the mandala of enlightened mind. One obtains the stream of form, energy, and consciousness, transforming mundane aspects of embodiment, sound, and awareness into their sacred, transcendent form. Empowerments can be brief or quite elaborate, lasting days. During the preparation process of the longer empowerment rituals, one is given a stick or flower that is thrown onto a colourful mandala plate of the five Buddha families. Depending on where the object lands, this shows the family to which you belong. Maybe some invisible karmic hand guides the placement of that flower, or maybe it is purely symbolic or suggestive. In remote times, before empowerment had become highly formalised and stylised, this may have been left to more than chance. A teacher or master meditator likely directed the student toward the body of practices subsumed under one of the five possible families. This could be a lifelong proscription or something to be reviewed and reassessed at a future date, depending on the inner changes of the meditator.

Of course, teachers still do prescribe specific meditations for students, but this is often generic and coloured by the guru’s lineage and background. In any case, it behoves the seeker to investigate and develop a personal understanding of what such family alignments mean. Doing a variety of deity meditations, we may receive a direct experience (Tib: nyam) or psychic insight (Tib: ngön shay) into a meaningful connection. This is not common, nor something upon which we can reliably depend. But we can learn much from our own particular body, mind, and emotions. They reveal our predilections, tendencies, strengths and weakness, and our basic make up as an embodied human being. There is a saying that if you want to know about your past karma, look at your present thoughts, feelings, and activities. And so investigation into our body and mind is not outside our spiritual, transformative path.

WHY IT IS USEFUL

There are good reasons why we should want to know our Buddha family connection, organically and inherently. Most obviously, it directs us toward the deities, protectors, meditations, and mantras that are aligned with our nature. Such practices would be a more certain path to both personal healing and inner change. Since the five Buddha families are also expressed as the five Elements, this orientation can be a roadmap to one’s entire life trajectory. We expect a strong correspondence between spiritual typology, psychological type, and body type. Knowing and confirming this relationship gives valuable guidance toward our career, lifestyle, diet, activities, and more. And like other typologies, a Buddha family-Elemental system can show what kinds of compatibilities and antipathies there are between people.

Yet, body-mind typology can be over-simplified. For further refinement, there are excesses, deficiencies, and distortions for each category and also a series of possible sub-elements. Because the universe is built upon a five-part template, the Buddha family is an accurate base upon which to build these understandings. With investigation, we can discover that today’s most popular typologies, such as the Enneagram and the Jung-based Myers-Briggs system, all have the five Elements as their foundation, but with a series of omissions, duplications, mixtures, and sub-elements that make them inaccurate on many levels. They each deserve a detailed analysis to demonstrate what is right and what is mistaken, using the litmus test of the five Elements and their variations.

SEEKING THE ELEMENTAL BODY

In seeking our Buddha family, the physical form is a rich area of investigation and absolutely central to tantra. It is thus interesting that in the more informal West there has been less attention to the body than tantric tradition itself would dictate. This problem was already inherent in Vajrayana, where body practices (Tib: tsa lung) are compartmentalised and separate from daily life. In the past, Tibetan lamas and monks were notoriously out of shape and unhealthy, largely because of this disconnect. Chinese qi gong has had a far more complex and integrated approach to embodiment, which includes extensive health practices, movements, and diet. But without needing to alter or disrupt the extraordinary tradition of Buddhist Vajrayana, we can greatly augment our own body practice and development, drawing on both the East and West. So before building up a picture of the Elemental body, we need to look at the resources that can help us complete this process.

AYURVEDA AND TIBETAN MEDICINE

Ancient Ayurvedic science was transplanted to Tibet, augmented by revealed teachings, including the Yuthok medical system. Ayurveda is based on the five elements, which are parallel to the five Buddha families. People, diseases, and medicines are classified according to their elemental properties. This includes body types and temperaments. Unfortunately, we are limited by the traditional dosha system, which (inexplicably) compacts the five elements into a more convenient three modes. This same truncated system was to form the basis of Tibetan medicine. Apparently, though, a pure five-Element system did exist as Buddhist Ayurveda, which arrived in Thailand intact, though as Indian Ayurveda took root during modern times it is now only known to a few. Nevertheless, the body types of Fire (Skt: pitta, Tib: may), Air (Skt: vatta, Tib: loong) and Water (Skt: kapha, Tib: beken) give us a good start in understanding our Elemental body constitution — and its Buddha family allocation.

THE HINDU BODY

Some of the most ancient writings on the Elements are found in the Vedas and Upanishad commentaries. Like its close Buddhist relative, Hindu tantra, in the form of Shaivite, Vishnavite, and Samkya-based yogic traditions, gave tremendous attention to internal energy anatomy. The dynamics of pathways, chakras, inner deities, and seed syllables are described in detail as a guide to working directly with these forces. However, there is no actual body typology, other than the Ayurvedic influence as seen in modern-day yoga.

At the same time, it is ironic that the caste system, which was so fundamental to India and most pre-modern civilisations, makes “type” into an inherited trait and creates a false hierarchy of more and less valuable kinds of people. This sadly demonstrates how even the greatest truths — such as the five Elements — can be turned upside down into disempowering dogmas instead of elevating ideas.

THE WESTERN HUMORAL BODY

The Western Elemental tradition is perpetually attributed to Empedocles (fl. c. 430 BCE), though there is ample evidence that this originated through the five Elemental systems of India and Egypt by way of Pythagoras (fl. c. 500 BCE). Losing the element of Space, the four-Element system developed through Aristotle (fl. c. 350 BCE) and Hippocrates (fl. c. 400 BCE), morphing into the full-blown four-humoral system by the Roman physician Galen (fl. c. 200 CE). Thus arose the four temperaments — melancholic, phlegmatic, choleric, and sanguine — representing both a psychological and physical type. Fully materialised, the Elements went from formative forces and information grids to liquids sloshing around the body as “humours.” These ideas would last over 2,000 years, up until the present day, persisting in its near-original form within Greek medicine and Unani-Tibb of the Middle East, Pakistan, and the India subcontinent. Fortunately, they do give us wonderful observations of four body types, with space gone missing.

WESTERN BODYWORK

Touch and physical manipulation are likely the most ancient of healing arts, taking different forms in ancient China, Greece, Egypt, Rome, and on through the development of Western civilisation. But the trail we are following here begins with, of all people, a student of Freud. William Sheldon had already developed his well-known somatotype theory in the 1940s. Based on three primary issues that exist in the newly created human embryo, he described the basic body types of ectomorph, mesomorph, and endomorph, with many gradations in between. Around the same time, Wilhelm Reich, Freud’s pupil, had observed very specific types of protective adaptations or body–armouring in people. This was further developed by Alexander Lowen and others, becoming the first full-fledged form of body psychotherapy. The five types that were codified in this system are named according to their pathological distortion. Taken up by a series of authors and clinicians, these types have gone through a number of name changes, the one by Kessler being the most elegant: Leaving, Merging, Aggressive, Enduring, and Perfectionist. These correspond to the characteristics we would expect from a preponderance of Space, Air, Fire or Water, and Earth in our biological make-up. Reich, Lowen, Kessler, and others had rediscovered the existent template of body typology — and distortion.

THE HOMEOPATHIC BODY

The central process of homoeopathic medicine is matching a total medicinal remedy profile to every aspect of the patient. This entails all symptoms, sensations, and psychological events experienced by the person, but also includes various signs and observable differences, such as body structure, facial characteristics, and so on. In spite of all the variables, they conform to the fact that in homoeopathy there are five underlying patterns that create all chronic illnesses. It is important to understand that the concept of miasms developed based on observation, without reference to the tradition of humour or Elements. Again, the natural template of reality was re-discovered in this set of constitutions. With a greater focus on internal disease, homoeopathy does not take an extremely detailed approach to body morphology.

Observation and analysis of the meaning in the body’s form has it origins in ancient India, Mesopotamia, Greece, and China, particularly focusing on the face (physiognomy). This physiognomical approach was particularly popular in the 1800s before it fell out of favour with modern medical science. Also, the Chinese system of facial diagnosis, while very detailed, follows the quite different five-phase or five-process system, rather than the five Elements. However, some intrepid Australian homoeopathic investigators have created an in-depth system of miasmatic, facial feature analysis. This corresponds to the five-Element paradigm perfectly, in spite of the fact that they are unaware of these ancient traditions.

VAJRAYANA AS THE BASE 

In spite of all these additional resources from different locations and historical epochs, it is Vajrayana, Himalayan Buddhism, that forms the base upon which we can successfully build. The five elements are part of the original teachings of the Buddha, both as cosmology and as meditation objects, as part of the 10 kasinas. These ideas flowered into the Mahayana and reached a high level of sophistication in the Tantrayana. Though it focuses much more on the spiritual, transformative aspects of life, a number of modern pioneers have begun to integrate Western psychology with Buddhist Element systems, including Chogyam Trungpa, Tenzin Wangyal, Ngakchang Rinpoche, and others. While these focus on the human psyche, as Western Buddhist practice matures, the body must inevitably follow, like two sides of the same coin.