Thursday, 5 April 2018

归依需知

智敏上师

我们要进入三宝之门,首先就是要皈依三宝为入门之法了,我们没有皈依以前,大家都根据自己的烦恼去造业,造了业就在六道轮回里边受苦,这样子反反复复,无始以来我们不知已受了多少苦。如果我们再不想受苦了,那么该怎么办呢?这就必须要依靠三宝了。依靠三宝的力量,使我跳出这个轮回的苦海,这个就叫做“皈依”。“皈依”也是鉴别我们是不是佛弟子的一个标准:是佛的弟子,必须是受了皈依的;不是佛的弟子,就是没有受过三皈依的。不管是气功师也好,其它宗教徒也好,虽然他们也忠诚地信仰他们的教主,信仰他们的教典,但是他们的教主没有佛陀圆满无边的功德,他们自己还处在生死轮回之中,何能教人出轮回苦?他们的教法,不能净诸烦恼,出生死海,得安乐果,虽能勤修,仍不能脱苦,他们的皈依对象不是三宝,所以这些都不是佛弟子。佛弟子依靠三宝,能够超出一切苦,不但是三恶道的苦,同时看到人天乃至色无色界都有苦,更甚者,生人天还是无常,业果受尽以后仍会下堕,乃至地狱。所以对轮回中一切人天的苦,都要解除,这才是真正有力量的三宝。反之,其它宗教一般认为能生入天堂,就万事大吉了。因此,我们若真正要解除一切苦恼的话,除了皈依三宝,其它是没有一点办法的。

由此而论,我们对“皈依”这件事情,要看得慎重一点,不要轻描淡写地,磕个头,递个红包,起个法名就对了,就算皈依了。这样子,一般是得不到皈依的!要得到皈依的体,是有条件的。佛教讲缘起,缘起就是一个法要生起来,有其一定的因和缘,因缘具足,法就生起来,因缘不具足,那怕差一点点,这个法是生不起来的。那么,我们说要皈依三宝,这皈依三宝的体(无表色),它生起的因缘是如何呢?依佛教言,皈依有皈依的因,即自己要发起皈依的心,还要有皈依的缘,什么是皈依的缘呢?第一要有如法的师父,设如法的坛场,还有,如我们发的纸上写的,皈依仪式,迎请三宝,忏悔业障等等,这些都是皈依的缘。如果因缘具足了呢,当然,皈依体就会生起。这中间最不可忽视的一个,就是皈依的因,自己一定要发这个皈依的因,自己若没有发心的话,纵使缘再好,皈依体还是生不起来的。

所以我们对每一位来求皈依的人,先要把皈依的内涵跟你们讲清楚,使能真正得到皈依的体和利益。尽管授皈依的地方很多,是不是能得到真正皈依的,还不敢说,主要看你自己皈依的心发了没有。那么,什么叫皈依的心呢?最起码的,对于这个,我们学过的《俱舍》里边讲到的,六道轮回中三恶道的苦,地狱、饿鬼、畜生之苦,地狱、饿鬼一般人看不到,畜生之苦,大家都知道,黄牛为人干了一辈子活,挨鞭抽打不说,老了还被杀掉来吃。活的猴子把脑壳打开,用开水酱油辣椒浇进去,就吃,算是名菜。一盘活的虾子,一阵开水浇下去烫得虾子颠狂乱跳,用来供膳。还有“全骡上市”,把骡四腿夹住,在骡身某部浇开水,烫熟了,割下,端给顾客享受,而骡还在厨房里拼命嘶叫——惨!这种恶道苦,《广论》、《瑜伽师地论》等都讲得很多,我们要生起恐怖之心,害怕自己堕入恶道受苦之心。再进一步,对整个轮回之苦都生起恐惧之心。再进一步呢,对一切众生堕在轮回受苦,我们要生起大悲心、菩提心,要把他们全都救出来,都不受苦。这就是三种发心。第一种,最初对三恶道的苦心生害怕,希望解脱恶道之苦,能得人天暇满之身的,这是下士道,属于低层次的。第二种,对轮回六道,包括人天,感到都是苦,不希望再受这轮回之苦而求解脱三界的,这是中士道,属于中等层次的。第三种,看到一切众生都在受苦,不但自己要脱离轮回之苦,要把一切如母有情都救度出离三界,都离开这个轮回之苦,这是上士道,发菩提心,行菩萨行,属最高层次。

所以,皈依的前提,首先是要看到苦,想到自己或父母有情受三恶道的苦及轮回六道的苦,要生起恐怖心,这是第一个条件。如果根本不生恐怖心的话,感到无所谓(愚痴!),那么这个求救的心也没有了,就是说皈依的心也就没有了。什么叫“皈依”呢?皈依就是求救,依靠一个崇高有力的对象,求他来救度我们,这个就是皈依的心——动机。如果我们自己没有恐怖,没有害怕的事,那还要依靠谁呢?当然,就不需要依靠了。所以说,;首先要生起害怕受苦的恐怖心,对三恶道生恐怖心,继而对轮回六道生恐怖心,再进一步对一切如母有情在轮回中受苦,生恐怖心,发起救拔之心。我们自己害怕受苦,推而知之,一切有情都害怕受苦,因此设法使他们都脱离苦。这三个心虽然层次不完全相同,但是这个生起的恐怖之心是一样的。这个生起的对三恶道或者对轮回之苦的恐怖之心,是皈依的第一个要素。单是生起了恐怖之心,够不够?还不够。生起了恐怖之心之后,我们要进一步追求如何解决这个恐怖呢?这就是说依靠谁来救拔我们的苦难呢?唯一的方法,就是依靠三宝!除了依靠三宝,此外是没有第二个能救度我们的苦难的。试看历史上那么多宗教,那么多哲学,真正能自己脱离苦难的,只有一个人—就是二千五百多年前印度的释迦牟尼佛。佛洞悉宇宙真理,所以他自己真正地解脱了一切苦难,并且断绝了苦难之因,这是佛宝。佛陀把自己脱离苦难的方法,详细地说教给我们,这是法宝。依照佛陀所说之法,如法修行而得证验的,这就是僧宝。我们只有依靠这三个救命之宝,才能获得救度。所以说,我们若要解决苦难的话,若要对苦难所生恐怖之心,彻底解除的话,唯一的道路,就是皈依三宝——皈依佛,皈依法,皈依僧。这三个宝,缺一不可,而实际上三者是联系成一体的。

总的归纳起来,我们要生起皈依的心,就是要有这两个要素:一个是对恶道、对轮回之苦生起恐怖之心;第二个呢?如何解决这个恐怖,我们要求救于谁才能得救呢?唯一的是求三宝——依靠三宝。这二个心有了,才算是皈依之心有了。

(接《教学通讯》第1期:皈依须知(一))皈依的缘呢,在三皈仪式上都写明白了,并且也预先讲过的。先是迎请十方三宝降临为作证明,二忏悔自己过现业障,去除障碍。又皈依所要说的羯磨词,乃至最后回向,依此认真、明白地做了,就能得到皈依。此外在皈依前,僧众为你们念的心经及回遮偈,也是驱除皈依中的魔障使皈依能顺缘得到的一个缘起。

皈依三宝,皈依体得到之后,就是入了佛的门,为佛弟子了。那些以前在佛前面发了誓愿护持佛弟子的护法菩萨也就在你身边护持你了。但是,假使自己皈依的心没有发起来,尽管你参加了极隆重的皈依仪式,皈依体是没有的。表面上是皈依了,实际上佛教的门并没有进去,在佛教里边也没有你这个人,仍是个门外汉,当然护法菩萨也就不管你了,因为他们是专门护持佛教、护持依佛修行的佛教徒的,对门外汉,是没有责任来保护的。

所以,我们自己一定要检查,不论过去皈依了的,或者现在要皈依的,这个皈依的心生起没有?(当然已皈依过的,还要检查羯磨文对了没有等等)没有生起,皈依体是得不到的。今天大家要皈依了,这个事情一定要跟你们讲清楚。这个皈依的心非常重要,而且一定要你们自己生起来的,其他的缘呢,我们可以为你们代办或帮助,发心非要自己不可。

世界上有各种宗教,种类很多,包括气功师(鬼神教),信仰它们的,有没有用处呢?信仰它们之后,也可以除去世间上某些苦难。譬如贫困啦,或病难啦,鬼扰啦等等,在一定范围内,也能解除,因为他们也在过去世培了些福,修了一些禅定,在现世有一定的威势,或一定的神通(气功师一般是鬼神报得通,非禅定修得之通),可以做一些小小救苦的事情。但是他们不懂业果,不知忏悔去消除业障,根子没有除,所以他们所做的,只能是挖肉补疮,这边问题好象解决了,但不久又翻了,或那边又出新的毛病了,因为业力仍存在着嘛。而且他们的教主,本身就没有解脱生死轮回之苦,甚至恶道之苦,也是避免不了的,所以如果我们依靠他们,是解决不了真正苦难的问题的。只有皈依三宝,才能解脱世间一切苦难。从这点来说,我们能够皈依三宝,实在应该感到是最大的幸运。

我们皈依三宝之后,对其他的宗教的教主或神职人员,能不能恭敬他们呢?他们也是劝人为善的么。西藏一位大德,帕邦喀仁波卿曾说:对于天神,或外道教主等等,莫说去皈依,依靠他,就是以崇敬的心态,对他们起了恭敬心,合个掌,皈依体就会失掉的。所以说我们皈依三宝之后,一定要注意,对一切天神,什么神庙、教堂等等,决不能向他们五体投地地礼拜,或求什么愿的,乃至起个恭敬向往仰慕之心也不行。否则,就会失掉皈依体,也就不成为一个佛弟子了。本来很不容易才能得到的皈依体,却这样很轻易地就失去了,岂不太可惜!所以说,一定要注意。

那么对这些神、主和神职人员,我们对他们的关系该如何呢?只能是朋友与朋友之间,互相帮忙,互相尊重的关系,不能对他有崇高向往仰慕恭敬的心。假如说,到医院里去看病,那个医生是信耶稣教的,有的人就问了,能不能请他看病呢?这个问题不大,你是付了钱的,请他看病,他是依医学知识给你治病打针、开方吃药等等,这是朋友之间的关系,大家礼尚往来,朋友之间的打交道,没有关系的。但不能有对他们所信的教,有依靠求救的心。对练气功的医生亦同样。但你如果对气功师医生,于他的气功神通起了信仰,请他以气功替你治病,如果对信仰耶稣教的医生,相信他的教义教主了,请他给你做什么祷告了,以这种方式替你治病,不行了,那皈依体就会破坏了!这个问题,也是要注意的。

皈依须知(三)

(接上期)此外,就是在皈依之后,还有许多事情必须要注意的。首先是对三宝的功德,要好好地去观察,如佛陀的身、口、意的功德,佛陀度生事业的功德,还有法宝僧宝的功德,当然这有很多,现在一下是讲不完的。一般皈依之后,就要依止善知识,听闻正法,如理作意,法随法行,慢慢地听闻,积累对三宝的功德的认识,经思维后产生定解,那么对三宝的真实信心,和恭敬心就会更有力的生起来,然后在身、语行动就会很自然地表现出来。

皈依有三种:对三恶道的苦难感到恐怖,而求靠三宝来解除的,这样子的皈依,是下士道士夫的皈依。对整个生死轮回的苦痛,生起恐怖心,皈求三宝来解除轮回之苦的,是中士道士夫的皈依。对整个 有情在轮回中受苦,心生不忍,感到恐怖,而皈投三宝,希望他们都能解脱轮回,得成佛的安乐的,是上士道士夫的皈依。不论是下士道、中士道、上士道,只要发了恐怖心,而希求三宝是唯一能救脱苦难的,都能得到如法的皈依。

再者,从因果两面来说,皈依又可分为两种:一种是因的皈依,一种是果的皈依,而重要的是果上的皈依。为了要解脱自他,脱离生死轮回或恶道之苦,求三宝救度我们,这是因的皈依。为了要解脱自他,出离生死轮回或恶道之苦,而发心赶快使自己证到三宝的果位,这样的皈依,叫果的皈依。我们的要求是通过因的皈依,而达到果的皈依。果的皈依使自己证到三宝的功德,能够广度一切苦难有情,此则与发菩提心极为相似了。正确的修皈依,先应思维皈依因,思维自他轮回三有包括恶趣之苦,及确实知道三宝具有救护一切有情出离一切险恶苦难的能力。皈依之究竟意趣,是为使自己生起能断除自他一切有情烦恼习气之证德,从而解脱自他一切有情之苦报。认识'佛'是引导我们修行的导师,'法'是正使我们脱离苦难的方法(所修之道)。'僧'是帮助我们修道中的良伴。以这样的猛力信心而修皈依。

还有一点必须要注意的,有些人以前不知道,学过气功外道的,那么,要皈依的话,一定要把以前学过的外道那一套彻底放下,完全断掉,不能再拖泥带水的夹杂在佛法里边,否则的话,是得不到皈依体的。不论头磕得再多,供养的红包再丰,皈依体是无法生起来的。还有以前虽没有练过气功外道,皈依三宝之后,有什么因缘,譬如说做生意的并没有发财,或者原有病的病并没有好,他就怀疑皈依三宝到底有没有灵感,疑心一起,遇到了外道,甚至信外道去了,练气功,或者求外道做祷告去了,这样子做,果报是很严重的。《地藏十轮经》里有一段文,'谓若有人,或受三皈,或受五戒,于佛法僧,而起疑心,或皈外道,以为师导,或执种种若少若多吉凶之相,祠祭鬼神……如是名为非根本罪,亦非无间,而生极重大罪恶业,近无间罪。'所以说,皈信了三宝之后,绝对不能再去盲目信从外道修什么外道气功之类的法了。近无间罪,就是说这个罪与无间罪是相近,受的苦报也是和无间地狱差不多的。有的人信了三宝,总希望皈依之后立即见效,譬如说他身有病苦,皈依三宝之后,总希望病就很快地消除了。但是实际上皈依三宝,就要明白法宝里的业果缘起,病从何来,大多是过去杀业,伤害众生,不敬三宝,毁谤三宝,不孝父母等等原因而来。皈依三宝之后,得到了加持力,巳使你病减轻,依靠法宝,明白善恶业果,断除杀业等害病之源,佛菩萨又慈悲告诉我们很多忏悔方法,依之而行,精勤不撤,必能见效。皈依三宝,核心是法宝,首先是要明业果,业果是客观的规律,掌握了业果,就知道苦果是由烦恼造恶业而来,乐果是由善心造福而来,无漏解脱果,是从修无漏道得离系果而来。这样你思想行动就有了标准,自行取舍,善的,无漏的要取;恶的要舍,是非常理智,合乎科学的,不是盲目迷信,求鬼拜神,希求奇迹,照这样去做,是解决不了问题的。

前面我们已经详细讲了皈依之因,略讲了皈依之缘,因缘和合就产生皈依体。这里我们再把皈依的缘补充一下。前面说缘,我们代你们准备好了,首先是如法的坛场,如法的皈依师,合格的皈依师是要清净持戒的比丘,戒腊高精通律藏或三藏的更好。还有一些,请你们把皈依仪式拿出来看,在皈依之前,要迎请十方的三宝,临降到现前这坛场里来,证明你们受皈依,因为皈依三宝,不只是皈依某个地方,或某个世界的三宝,而是皈依尽虚空界十方所有的佛法僧三宝,都是我们的师父,所以在皈依的时候,要迎请他们来此作证明。有人怀疑,我们这个殿,仅这么大,十方的三宝都来,哪能容纳得下呢?这点请放心,地方大小是凡夫分别心而有的,就理上来说'一多大小平',芥子可纳须弥,坐微尘里能转大法轮,理事无碍,这是不思议境界,不必多疑了。

迎请降临之后,我们要在十方三宝面前忏悔。无始以来,我们造了很多的罪,起过很多的烦恼,所以我们的身、心都是脏的。身外的脏,可以用水洗干净,起烦恼,造恶业的脏,这不能用水洗净的。过去印度有一种外道,认为到恒河里去洗身,河水能把自己罪业洗干净,这是一种愚昧迷信的想法,真正要把罪业除掉,必须依佛教的正法来如法的忏除。什么叫忏悔?过去造的罪,认识到是不好,也知道将来要入恶趣受苦的,痛切追悔认错,以后发心誓不再犯,这个心,就叫忏悔的心,有了忏悔的心,求佛菩萨慈悲加持,把自己罪障洗涤干净,这是可能的。如果忏悔心没有,不知罪、不知堕,也不防护未来不犯,那这罪是洗不干净的,后来只有自己受苦。现在我们要受皈依,而我们的身、心是那么的脏,成为障碍,这皈依体就很难生起,即使生起也是成为变质,不好的了。所以说,在我们皈依之前,一定要把自己的身心洗涤干净,怎么洗呢?不是用一般的水,或恒河水,而是用忏悔的水洗。要忏悔罪障,对过去做的坏事恶业,自己认识错误,以后绝不再犯。在佛菩萨、三宝面前,至诚三次忏悔,求三宝加持我们,把身上的,心里的罪障洗个干干净净,然后皈依体就能够如法地生起来。打个譬喻,假使烧了最好的饭菜,请你用膳,但碗不洗,舀过大粪的,那么再好的饭菜,吃起来都是臭的;如果这碗是舀过砒霜毒药的,不洗净消毒,则那怕盛的是甘露妙膳,也会把人毒死。所以在正式皈依之前,一定要先忏悔。

正受皈依,要三白羯磨,羯磨词就是'尽形寿皈依佛,尽形寿皈依法,尽形寿皈依僧'。说三遍,叫三白羯磨。在白羯磨词时,皈依师白(说)的时候,耳朵一定要听清楚,所以皈依不能写个信就算皈依,一定要人现前,话要听清楚,它的意思要懂,想清楚。而且自己说时,嘴里一定要说清楚。有的人嘴巴动了一下就算说了,没声音,或虽出声而含含糊糊,轻轻地不清楚,都不能得皈依体的。一定要自己嘴很清楚,很有力地说了,说三遍,皈依体就生起了。这要注意、很重要。

I declare that the overcoming of clinging to the impurities of the world is possible for a person who knows and see but not for a person who does not know or see. In the person who knows and sees, the dustless and stainless Eye of Truth arises. Seeing the truth, he sees things as they are. Seeing the truth, the eye is born, knowledge is born, wisdom is born, science is born, and light is born.

-- The Buddha, Samyutta Nikaya

Wednesday, 4 April 2018

Are Manifestations & Mediums Of Bodhisattvas & Buddhas Around?

by Various Dharma Protectors

An interestingly phrased question arose recently – ‘Why do mediums not get any Buddha to answer their devotees’ questions?’ Before there is further confusion, we should be clear that the use of mediums is not a Buddhist practice. Instead, for Chinese culture, it is part of folk religion. There are naturally irreconcilable aspects of different religions, which is why they are different in the first place and remain so. In this sense, even if a medium of any religion claims to be able to ‘channel’ a Buddha or Bodhisattva through him or her, this is entirely frowned upon by all orthodox Buddhists with right understanding. The only exception is the traditional but very exclusive use of a few trusted oracles in Tibetan Buddhism involving time-tested and dedicated Dharma protector deities (who are not Buddhas or Bodhisattvas) for very special matters. 

Even if there are some who claim advice from some mediums believed to represent Buddhas and Bodhisattvas to be effective, Buddhists should never consult their services. There are two kinds of ‘mediums’ – the false ones and the genuine ones. As it is difficult to discern one from the other, one might be paying (or contributing ‘donations’) while being tricked. For false mediums, there are again two kinds. The first are the downright fakes, who consciously put on theatrical acts to fool devotees to part with their money. The second are somewhat but not total fakes, who subconsciously auto suggest themselves, often also through peer pressure of those who believe they are special, to have the ability to call upon ‘higher beings’. Such ‘mediums’ are still false, even if they have no intention to deceive, and do wish to help others. 

Despite power of the auto suggestable mind, that can even express seemingly superhuman feats of endurance, there are still obvious physical and spiritual limits. If a medium, say, is supposedly possessed by an ‘animal-god’, such as a ‘monkey’, why is he or she not able to climb and swing from trees, somersaulting like a real monkey? Unless… the medium was not really possessed by such a being, while being unable to fully auto suggest oneself to believe such feats can be done. Even if capable of some acrobatics, there is the puzzle of how a character from a fictitious novel can assist real people with real problems. If the Monkey King in ‘Journey to the West’ (which is not a proper Dharma text) was written to have learnt the Dharma, this begs the question of why, if he is real, his ‘mediums’ do not preach it directly, which would surely lead to full house classes attended by thousands. 

Even if a medium is genuine, he or she will not be able to ‘summon’ the Buddhas and Bodhisattvas – as the enlightened ones never taught that they are summonable through any medium. In fact, in the Surangama Sutra (楞严经), Sakyamuni Buddha, our fundamental teacher, clearly instructed Bodhisattvas and Arhats who manifest in various manners in our world to aid us to never ever reveal their true identities while alive, at most disclosing who they are just before (or after) departure. While this might sound deceptive, the purpose of this is exactly the opposite – for preventing legitimisation of self-proclaimed identities for deception by anyone. Imagine if the Buddha taught instead, that all Bodhisattvas and Arhats should announce who they are to the whole wide world. Not that there are not already many, there would be even more with bold false claims.

Therefore, anyone who puts up an actual or virtual signboard (e.g. biodata, namecards, websites, posters, tickets, books, magazines) claiming oneself to be a Buddha, Bodhisattva or Arhat is directly not a true Buddhist, much less a Buddhist teacher or spokesperson for any of the enlightened, who are explicitly forbidden to claim any enlightened identity in our era. As the Buddha gravely put it, ‘Thus as I have said, is named the Buddhas’ speech [teachings]. Not thus as said, is Papiyan’s [Mara: the evil one] speech.’ (‘如我所说,名为佛说。不如此说, 即波旬说。’) Those who make audacious claims and remain in this world are out to gather fame and fortune. Such worldly ambitions straightaway render them spiritually impure. In some cases, false teachers have been influenced or possessed by Mara (or his minions) personally, to confuse the masses, and distract them from the true Dharma. 

Genuine mediums, at most, can only ‘channel’ gods and ghosts. Even the duo can be hard to differentiate as there are some ghosts (or wandering spirits) who like to possess mediums to relay messages, while impersonating others. Helpful to some extent as they might be at times, and playful at other times, their advice is not ultimate as they are not enlightened – which is why they are ghosts. Even if a god possesses a medium, the messages conveyed are still imperfect as he or she is not a fully enlightened ‘Teacher of humans and gods’, a title reserved for Buddhas. Believability in mediums arises when they seem to know past events and current situations. This is simply because gods and ghosts (and some humans) can read the thoughts of their devotees about their past and present to limited extents, so as to give seemingly ‘relevant’ answers, that do not guarantee accurate forecast of the future. 

Mediums are also surely not messengers of Buddhas and Bodhisattvas as they are usually consulted only by non-Buddhists or confused Buddhists lacking in understanding. As such, the queries presented to them are usually mundane in nature, while they are never asked profound Dharma enquiries. Thus, these mediums are never ‘tested’ on their authenticity as ‘enlightened’ spokespersons. Even if not asked, they ought to speak more in congruence with actual Buddhist teachings, using more direct references from the Buddha’s teachings to further interest in the Dharma. For instance, if a medium claims to be able to ‘summon’ Guanyin Bodhisattva, he or she should be able to expound on her teachings, such as the Heart Sutra, with incomparable clarity, delivering detailed sermons often, instead of merely advising on worldly woes.

Mediums of the like above are also never dedicated students of the Dharma, for if they are, they would have come across the Surangama Sutra teaching, which admonishes assumption of sacred identities for ‘branding’ their ‘spiritual’ consultations. Some might imagine that since the Buddhas and Bodhisattvas have great compassion, they should also manifest through mediums. Well, the enlightened will never go against the unequivocally stated Surangama teaching, as this would confuse us. Even if they really do help through mediums, they will never say they are the enlightened, which would counter that teaching. The Buddha’s warning against seeking (and being) such mediums is clear and indisputable. Even though Buddhists know others ‘borrow’ the statuses of Buddhist enlightened beings for medium practices, it does not mean this is agreeable. As these great beings originate from Buddhism, all should learn its true teachings to know what they really stand for. 

The more one frequents mediums, the further one digresses from the path to Buddhahood. There would be greater refuge in gods and ghosts than in the ‘Teacher of humans and gods’ (and ghosts and all other beings). One might be asked to do practices against the Dharma too, such as animal sacrifice, which creates negative karma, aggravating existing problems. With possible addiction to medium advice for life’s issues instead of learning and applying the Dharma, this can stunt growth of personal wisdom. Most importantly, even if the advice is somewhat helpful, it does not lead to liberation, as gods and ghosts themselves are still trapped in the rounds of rebirth. With much proximity to mediums, especially those with access to real ghosts, the devotee’s karmic affinity with them might deepen, to further associate with them when being reborn.

Since summoned beings are unenlightened, they have greed, hatred and delusion to some extent. This means there might be a price to pay if their wrath is incurred, or if their expectations are not met. Praying to enlightened Buddhas and Bodhisattvas, there is no such problem. Since consultation of mediums does not ensure ideal results, and might even be dangerous, Buddhists stay clear of them. What is the alternative for those who wish to ‘look for’ deceased ones? As stated in the Ksitigarbha Sutra (地藏经), one can ask the Buddha, who has perfect compassion and wisdom, for help, before sincerely being mindful of his name. Connecting to his blessings, inspired answers will arise in the mind or in a dream so vivid that one will know it is not imagined. Mindfulness of the Dharma for diligent practice helps us much in everyday life too. 

In Tibetan Buddhism, although some masters are believed by disciples to be manifestations of the enlightened, they never personally claim so. Even H.H. the 14th Dalai Lama, the most popular Tibetan Buddhist teacher, when asked if he is Guanyin Bodhisattva, says he is just ‘a simple monk’. If one comes across ‘teachers’ with repeated use of self-proclaimed titles of being such and such an enlightened being, or as a special earthly representation, it is best to keep far away. All authentic Buddhist teachers would follow the Buddha’s advice to attract the interested through the Dharma itself, not through such dubious marketing, which unfortunately easily attracts those uninformed of the Surangama teaching. Regarded as a ‘demon-reflecting mirror’ that reveals those affected by inner and/or outer demons, it must be used for self-reflection and for checking the integrity of ‘teachers’.

There are many kinds of false teachers riding on the name of Buddhism for easy gain of popularity. Some use many Buddhist terms and even speak of Buddhist sutras, mantras, meditation and such – for luring in nominal or new Buddhists who are vaguely familiar with them, to look credible, while reinterpreting them with self-concocted twists, throwing in non-Dharma in the mix that deviates from the real deal. This makes their teachings different, as if of a new tradition with exclusive ‘benefits’, while they are corrupting the actual teachings. Anything that radically differs from what the Buddha and great ancient Buddhist masters taught is almost always erroneous. Some claim to have special powers, such as being able to recall devotees’ past lives for advising accordingly – when these stories cannot be verified at all. This is how they stay off the hook. 

They play mind games, making wide and thus safe guesses to suggest having predictive power, getting devotees to publicise only right guesses. Any open display of supernormal powers, not that they are real in the case of false teachers, that especially fosters the ego and distracts others from the true Dharma is forbidden by the Buddha. Those who display them are not true Buddhists. Pretending to be able to heal some is one of the easiest ways to attract crowds. If they are really so capable, why not directly visit hospitals? Any true physical healing does not lead to good rebirths or liberation from rebirth anyway. The Buddha was thus focused on being a spiritual over a physical doctor, as death is inevitable. That said, practice of the Buddha’s true teachings already can lead to natural healing due to eradication of negative karma that causes illness. 

What if a ‘teacher’ who clearly flouts rules of conduct set by the Buddha seems to have some genuine supernormal powers? Well, even Mara (the most evil being in a world system) has some supernormal powers. Even ghosts, as above, can read minds. Thus, merely showing some powers does not guarantee truth of claims of being enlightened or a representative of the enlightened. It is no gauge of having real compassion and wisdom, while being bait for drawing in devotees. Since such powers can be demonically influenced, we must totally steer clear of such ‘teachers’, who might demonically influence us to be blind followers. Just as unexposed stage tricks, due to our lack of scrutinising ability should not make us think illusionists are miracle men, those who perform stunts in the name of religion should not simply be taken as real ‘saviours’.

With their bursting egos, false teachers tend to sell themselves through others, as being the ‘best’ teachers available, photoshopping to add auras of light around their pictures. With heavy international marketing, they can easily gather many of the faithful but deluded. Some use planted or incomplete ‘testimonials’ of those who ‘had’ semi-imaginary ‘healing’ effects with their ‘assistance’ to attract more. The more lavish packaging there is, the more should all be alert. The biodata of false teachers is also usually elaborate but upon closer look, is vague and untraceable to reputable and still existing people and institutions in the Buddhist community. Some appear monastic or even pseudo-monastic, especially those without a recognised lineage, or with one that disowned them. Some are established in worldly life, and tap upon this for popularising themselves as ‘Buddhist teachers’ – when these factors are not connected at all. 

Some create spurious awards to praise and promote themselves. Some claim to have had special private instructions from late great teachers, so as to lean on their fame, while appearing to be their top disciples taking up the mantle. Some create fake histories through detailed (auto)biographies by their ‘devotees’, with outlandish claims of their ‘supernormal powers’ and ‘enlightened’ experiences, which cannot be proven. While ensuring such tall tales circulate, they cunningly pretend to be ‘humble’. Some even claim to have met the ‘enlightened’, who ‘endorsed’ them, which makes them their ‘equivalent’ or their ‘messengers’. Such ways of promoting the so-called ‘Dharma’, focusing on personal claims is wrong as the Buddha taught us to rely on the Dharma, instead of any personality. If a person is relied on in excess, one can easily be misled eventually. 

How do the truly enlightened manifest in our world then? A great example would be Great Master Yinguang (1861-1940). Despite living a truly humble and frugal life, he was so awe-inspiring in conduct and instruction, that adheres strictly to the Buddha’s teachings, that he was posthumously conferred as the 13th Patriarch of the Pure Land Tradition by the Buddhist world, while being revealed to be a manifestation of Mahasthamaprapta [Dashizhi; Great Power Arrived] Bodhisattva. Never flashy, yet he remains prominent in his influence as an outstanding teacher. Remember – even the Buddha, who announced his true and full enlightenment, did not keep harping on his status, and let the worth of his actions and teachings speak for themselves. Egoistic imposters however, seek more attention for deluded reasons. Their demons are all clearly reflected in the great mirror of the Surangama Sutra!


What is the actual purpose of dharma? The Buddha had explained again and again that purpose of dharma is to tame the mind, to purify the mind. We can purify our mind as we engage in worldly activities. You can cultivate love and compassion, and patience with your family and those who surround you, while living a worldly life. If you practice in this way, you are a true practitioner, without having to seclude yourself into the mountain retreat. If you do not practice this essential point, you might seclude yourself into a mountain retreat reciting mantras for many years, but if you do not let go of self grasping, there might only be a temporary result at best, but ultimately you will still not attain enlightenment, and as a result of a prevailing state of affliction you might still fall into the lower realms.

-- Garchen Rinpoche

Tuesday, 3 April 2018

我们为什么要传播人乘佛理

圣开法师

佛教不是现代的新名词,在前一个地球即已经有过千佛出世。我们这个地球成功以后,有佛到释迦牟尼这一代,已是第四尊佛,需再过五十六亿七千万年,才是第五尊当来下生弥勒佛。在上一个地球的最末三尊佛,和这个地球释迦牟尼等四佛,计为七佛,共同说过四句偈:「诸恶莫作,众善奉行,自净其意,是诸佛教」,这叫七佛通偈。由此,可知佛法是人类共同需要的指南针,和济世救人的良药。诸佛是「佛宝」,诸佛的教法是「法宝」,推行佛教续佛慧命的出家人为「僧宝」。因此,凡是佛教僧团中的任何一个比丘和比丘尼,都有担荷如来家业的责任和弘法利生的使命,故僧人当视传播佛理为天职,责无旁贷,是毌容置议的事。

十方诸佛都有佛国净土,而独释迦如来在二千五百年前,却诞生在这个五浊恶世的娑婆秽土;以此因缘,乃知世尊的出世,就是要将这大苦积聚的忍苦世界,度化成为人间的净土。世尊在世八十岁,说法四十九年,讲经三百余会,弟子们结集的经典,三藏十二部,所有经论,浩如烟海;摄化四生九有,包罗三界火宅的天、人、修罗、鬼、畜与地狱六道轮回的众生,其主体乃以人类为枢纽。因为万法唯心所造,天堂地狱亦为人心之行善造恶所感而成。吾人幸生人类,又忝为佛教僧团的出家众,对于传播佛理,更是理所当然,无由推卸的重大责任。

佛教传入中国,已有两千多年的时间,其文化已成为中华文化主流之一,又为中华民族写下了辉煌灿烂的史页,更在中华的领域内创建了千古不能磨灭的史迹。在现行中华民国宪法第十三条所赋予「人民有信仰宗教之自由」,并同时亦有传教言论之自由,殊为珍贵。我们僧人,既有传播佛理的责任,又有传教的自由。在多难之际,世风日下,道德沉沦,人心不古的今日,身为爱国僧人的我们,若是袖手旁观,不积极做些护国卫教的工作,势必为世人所唾弃,与寄生动物无异,焉能有资格被人称「僧宝」?基于此种观念,在佛教中已有许多先进对于弘法利世、救亡图存的工作,多有轰轰烈烈的成就。我们身为僧团后进,亦不能不追随其后,献身佛教,献身国家,来做一些自身能力所能做得到的事,故此推行人乘佛教。

当兹末法时期,魔强法弱,邪说横流,对于真正的佛教道理,推行与实行者日少,崇尚邪谬者渐多。纵或身为僧尼,亦多自认消极,苟延残喘,依佛偷生,对弘扬正法认为次要;为求生活之需,竟有随顺世俗,附合迷信,怪相百出,正为破坏佛教的魔外有所借口,更为摧毁宗教之逆流制造机会,故人乘佛教应时而行,尚乞教内四众先进大德惠予支持与指导,盼能顺利推进。

Now until the dualistic identity mind melts and dissolves, it may seem that we are parting. Please be happy. When you understand the dualistic mind, there will be no separation from me. May my good wishes fill the sky.

-- Yeshe Tsogyal

Monday, 2 April 2018

Help Yourself Through Equanimity

by Gelek Rimpoche

When we talk about equanimity and equality, it is about you and me, it means that me and others are equal. So yes, theoretically and politically, we accept that, but practically really we don't. That's where we are today. When we talk about the motivation of the precious mind, when we talk about pure love and pure compassion, that is another thing. Many of us feel quite comfortable with love and compassion, but when you look carefully it is more attachment than pure love. The moment we use words like, “all sentient beings,” or, “all living beings,” we begin to feel uncomfortable. It is impossible to imagine and impossible to think of loving all of those. That shows us: where is the pure love within us really?

I hope that what I am talking to you this morning is not too harsh; I think it is the reality. Sometimes, we need to throw that in, so that you have some idea of what pure love is really all about. We can dismiss it and say, “without attachment it is pure love," but what do you mean by attachment? The love we are comfortable with, is the one with attachment. We have love-addiction. There is an advantage too. I am not saying that every love is bad. Look at families. Whatever family dynamic has been cemented, that is love. Whatever society has done to keep itself together, is through love. So even though it is with attachment, it is very useful. Honestly. But in the long run, from the Buddha's and the bodhisattvas' point of view, it might not be the right love. However, even that has a lot of advantages. It even makes the individual cool down. You may be burning with anger and hatred, but that love will be like a little bit of cold water poured over that huge burning sensation. You know, I don't have to say it. We have all experienced that comfort that this love can give us. That's why we are addicted to it. That's why we enjoy that, and that's why we are also suffering. There is the first love, and then there are problems, and then we are tolerating those problems. If we have to develop tolerance for the purpose of something very positive, it is quite difficult. But we have tremendous tolerance in the service of attachment. That is human nature. It is not human nature as such, but it is our addiction. It is our addiction to love and comfort. For the sake of that little comfort, for the feeling of soft and gentle care, for the sake of feeling loved, we are willing to sacrifice so much. That shows the human capability - when it is going the wrong way. We are willing to tolerate everything.

If you are a spiritual practitioner that very addiction, that very tolerance should be able to be used for pure love. If you do so, then every work you do, every effort you make, will become absolutely worthwhile, and absolutely beautiful and beneficial, for not only yourself, but for all beings. The benefit to all beings is actually the benefit for yourself. Many of those are very funny. When you look at positive and negative, virtuous and non-virtuous, there are lots of twists and turns.

Doing something for the benefit of others, and even making sacrifices, or doing enjoyable things, or whatever, all become virtues, because you are serving and helping those who need it, the weaker sections of society. We always look at the economically weak or health-wise weak and educationally weak. But truly the weaker section is more than that. Actually all of us are very weak in our virtue. All of us are very, very weak in our positive karma. All of us are very weak in our capability. All of us are very fragile through hatred, obsession, hatred, attachment, jealousy. We are weak too, you and me, who are here today, we are all weak, very weak in our faith, in our pure love. Perhaps that is even not existing. We are very weak in our tolerance. In every one of us there is tremendous weakness and fragility. When we talk about the 'weaker section' we are talking about ourselves.

We have to understand the incredible suffering that exists in the world. If we do not understand suffering, we are not really relating to the situation. Most of us do not relate to the suffering; we ignore the basic nature of what is going on. When we contemplate the pain that there is, we do relate to it. We understand the incredible depths of the sorrow and misery that sentient beings are going through, tormented and tormenting themselves endlessly. We realise that this does not need to happen, and we find a tremendous compassion arising within us.

-- Sakyong Mipham Rinpoche

Sunday, 1 April 2018

如何从烦恼中解脱

萨迦法王

我们既然生而为人,在我们日常生活之中,就有许多必须要做的事情,譬如说我们需要有住的地方,吃的东西,需要有医疗、衣物等等,但是,对我们这一生影响最大的就是殊胜的佛法。我们此生得以生而为人,然而这一个人身,从很多的角度来看,都是非常难以得到的,特别是像我们这样远离诸多逆缘的人身是非常难得的,远离诸多逆缘已经很困难了,还要再具足所有的顺缘,那就是难上加难了,不仅仅非常的困难而且也十分的珍贵,这样的暇满人身比所谓的满愿宝还要更为珍贵,不仅我们具足了一切的顺缘,而且还能够进入佛门,还有机会来闻思修学佛法,像这样的机会在将来也很难能够再得到,既然机会是如此的珍贵与难得,所以我们千万不要把它虚耗,当我们具足了黄金般的机会,我们就要使我们此生得到最大的意义。

因为在实相上,一切众生皆本具如来佛性,也就是说我们的自心本性从来不为任何的染污所垢染,所谓的障碍都不过是暂时的,所以当众生具足一切必要的顺缘,一切因缘,这里所指的众生不只指人类而已,它们都有机会能够圆满成佛,因为我们的自心本性从来不为障碍所染垢,如果所谓的自心本性是能够被障碍所染垢的话,那么我们将永远也不能够除去这些障碍,就好像黑炭它本性本来就是黑的,不管你洗多久,怎么努力的洗,黑炭也不可能洗成白的,正因为所谓的障碍是暂时性的,所以当我们使用正确的方法除障之后,就能够使它永远不再生起。因此如果我们有正确的方法,以及精进的修持,那么一切众生都是可以圆满成佛的,然而,在当下的我们,虽然有纯净的自心本性,但这个自心本性却完全为障碍所覆盖,只要有障碍存在,我们就无法从轮回之中得到解脱自在,只要我们还在轮回之中,就不可能远离痛苦。

我们把所谓的世间的存在约略分为六道,也就是三恶道及三善道,首先,三恶道之中的地狱道里面充满着无量的痛苦,在我们人道,不管有任何的痛苦,多大的痛苦,和地狱道的痛苦比起来都是微不足道的,第二个恶道,饿鬼道,在饿鬼道里面也有无量无边的饥饿及渴的痛苦,即使只是为了一滴雨一滴水,在饿鬼道里面也要百千万年才能得到。第三个恶道是畜生道,畜生道是六道里面就在我们人道附近,畜生道的众生无明愚痴深重,就好像是石头装在脑袋里面一样,同时它们也饱受种种的痛苦,在畜生道里面就算是能够饱餐一顿,也是时时刻刻生活在恐惧之中,恐惧其它的动物以及人类的攻击,所以三恶道之中都充满着无量无边的痛苦。

接下来是所谓的三善道,一般认为三善道里面是苦乐参半,但是在实相上面,其实三善道里面也没有真实的安乐,依据佛法所说,有三种的痛苦,第一种叫做「苦苦」,什么叫做苦苦?就是痛苦的自身,我们一般所认为的身心上面的痛苦,第二种的痛苦叫做「坏苦」,所谓的坏苦,这个坏就是变异,变化的意思,也就是那些我们一般以为是快乐的东西,而这样的苦是一种变化的,也就是我们看起来,是很安乐的,其实它会变化,例如说,我们在一个非常冷的地方,忽然间进入一个暖的屋子里面,我们感觉到很快乐,脱离了冷的痛苦,但是如果这样的快乐是恒常的,那么当我们进入这样的屋子里面,我们待上愈久的时间,应该感到愈快乐才对,但其实不然,我们在一个温暖的地方待久了之后,就开始觉得热起来,所以我们又想要到冷的地方去,所以这样的一种安乐是一种相对性的安乐,而不是真实的安乐,所以一般我们感到快乐的事情,在实相上面它是痛苦的。

第三种的痛苦我们叫做「行苦」,也就是因缘聚合所产生的痛苦,这是指那些我们一般认为是不苦不乐受,这意思是说,只要我们生在轮回之中,我们所长的就是这个样子,这个存在的本身就是一种痛苦,这个就是说,我们不论身处何处,不论和谁相处,不论我们所做的工作是什么,永远都不可能得到满足,我们总是有所抱怨,这也就是说,整个六道轮回之中,都是痛苦的,譬如说我们生而为人,没有人可以避免掉人道里面主要的生老病死的痛苦,那么同时在修罗道,也就是在人道和天道之间,在修罗道里面,它们的嫉妒心非常的重,因为它们常常要跟天道来做比较,然而由于它们的福德不如天道的众生,所以它们每次都是被打败,而遭受许多的痛苦。

以天道而言,有三种不同层级的天人,第一种是住在欲界天的人,在欲界天的天人,虽然他们所在欲界天的环境是这么的美好,他们的食物都是甘露为食,而且他们的受用非常的好,同时他们的寿命也非常的长,但是由于他们不断的受用所欲,所以欢乐的时光总是过的非常的快,有一天他们会看到自己将要死亡的征兆,由于天人具有「有漏的神通」,所以当他发现自己的死兆生起的时候,知道自己将要面临死亡,而且死后要堕入恶道之中,所以它的心里面就生起很大的恐怖。

另外两种更高境界的天人,就是「色界天」和「无色界天」的天人,虽然他们没有我们这种可以看到的痛苦,但是等到有一天他们的定力丧失的时候,像他们的禅定是属于世间的禅定,就好像是鸟飞翔在虚空当中,不管鸟能够飞得多高,最后它一定要落地,同样的,当他们从甚深禅定当中出定之后,就会从天道堕入恶道之中而饱受种种痛苦,所以在不同层次的天道,乃至于整个轮回之中,除了痛苦的层次有所差别之外,痛苦的本质是没有差别的,就好像火性是热,不管是大火或者是小火,它的本性都是热。

同样的,轮回的本质就是痛苦,所以在这个世间,不管你有没有宗教信仰,不管你是哪一个种族,不管你的意识型态是怎么样,有一个共同的特征,那就是所有的众生,包括人类,乃至于所有的动物,昆虫,都希望能够远离痛苦,然而大多数的众生,都是那么样的无明愚痴,他们并不知道痛苦的苦因来自何处,也不晓得究竟安乐的乐因为何,虽然人人都希望能够得到安乐,然而由于无明愚痴的缘故,大多数的众生都生活在痛苦之中,不但已经生活在痛苦之中,而且不断的造作更多的苦因,要除去痛苦的唯一有效方法,就是修持殊胜的佛法。

因为佛是这么样伟大的一位圣者,他发菩提心是为了要利益一切的众生,同时,经过三大阿僧祇劫的时间,积聚福德与智慧两种资粮,除去所有的障碍(烦恼障与所知障),断除一切的障碍之后,圆满的生起一切的证悟,成就无上正等正觉,在具足这样的大智慧之外,佛的大悲心,视一切众生好像是自己的独子一般,所有的母亲都疼爱自己的子女,但是当她只有一个独子的时候,这时候母子之间的情分就特别的深,所以佛对一切众生的大悲心,就好像是母亲对独子般的疼爱,因此在我们此生之中,非常重要的就是要修持佛法。

虽然一切众生本具如来佛性,然而人道的众生却有最好的机会来修持佛法,因为如我们先前所说,人身是非常的难得珍贵的,因为善用此生,无论是声闻、圆觉,乃至佛果,我们都有机会可以成就,所以我们现在这个珍贵难得的人身,远比满愿宝更加珍贵,当我们得到这样机会的时候,很重要的就是要来修持佛法,不但修持佛法非常重要,而且不要有任何的耽搁,亦即需要精进。

佛说一切有为法皆是无常,所谓的「有为法」就是因缘和合所生,一切因缘所生法都是无常的,一切「有为法」都是无常,特别是我们所得到的这个人身,寿命不定,许多的外、内的因素都能够使我们突然的短命,然而能够使我们能够延长寿命的原因却非常的少,所以随时都可能会发生任何事情,所以我们现在所拥有的这样黄金的时光,随时都可能失去,而将来想要获得像现在这样的机会是非常难得的,因之我们如果不能善用此生让它获得些许成果的话,那就比入宝山空手而回的损失要更大了,所以当我们有了现在这么好的机会,很重要的就是,精进的修持佛法。

而所谓修持佛法有很多不同的层次,对大多数的人来说,首先要能够了解因果业力,因为佛陀曾说,我们生生世世,所有的色声香味触等等,都是由过去的业所生,我们生生世世每一世所面对的各种苦乐都不是外力所造成的,它也不是无因而生,所有万事万物都有其个别的因与缘。我们此生之中所遭受的痛苦,例如短命、多病,求不得,这种种我们生命中不顺遂的事情,都是自己自作自受,也就是我们过去所做的因,我们现在所受的业报就是过去由于烦恼染污所造作行为的果,就好像是一棵树,如果树根有毒的话,那么这一棵树的花、叶、果、枝,都是有毒的,同样的,所有一切出自我们烦恼的所作所为都称为不善业,那么不善业是如何生起的呢?它的根本就是无明愚痴,所谓的无明就是我们不了解诸法实相,不但不能够了悟自心本性,反而透过种种的概念,我们执着有一个「我」,这个时候就有「能、所」的产生,所谓的「能、所」就是指主观以及客观。

「能」主观是能够去看的这种意识;「所」就是所被看的这样的东西,外境,从无始以来到今天,生生世世我们都有强烈的我执,因为如果有一个所谓的「我」的话,那么这个「我」必定要有一个名字,要有一个身体,或者是它必须要有一种心的相续,我们当然知道,「名字」绝对不是「我」,因为名字是别人给我们的,而且我们还可以改名字;我们也可以发现,「身体」不是「我」,因为所谓的身体也不过是五大的组合而已,所谓的身体就好像是一座佛寺一样,一座佛寺是由许许多多的部分和东西所组成的,而我们的身体也是很类似,如果我们从自己的头一一去分析寻找,一直找到脚指头,想要找到一个「我」的话,那么你会发现没有办法找到,找遍全身的头发、骨、肉、脉、内脏,也找不出一个叫做「我」的,就算是一般世间的人在讲话的时候,也把所谓的「我」和「我的」,这两句话是分开的,当我们运用所有格我的,这样子的一个概念的时候,譬如说我的房子,这已经很清楚的指出,房子不是你,房子是一个外在的现象,你认为你所拥有的一种外在的现象,同样的,我们会说我的身体,那就已经很明白的说,这个身体是属于我,但是身体不是我,所以身体不是我。

接下来我们看看那「心」是不是「我」呢?那我们当然知道心有很大的力量,但是心却没有一个固定的形体可以让我们看到这个叫做心,既看不到,摸不到又讲不出心到底是多大,它是什么形状,它是什么颜色,所以「心」是一种我们根本讲不出来而且剎那变迁的东西,这样的东西当然不能是我,为什么说这样子的心不能是我呢?比如说当我们是小朋友很无知的那个时候的「心」,跟我们现在长大了,受过教育有所了解的「心」,这两个心是不一样的,虽然我们小时候的心和现在的心不是同一个心,然而我们的心却是相续的,因为我们的心相续,所以我们才能够记得我们自己小时候是怎么样子,然后又认为我们自己现在是怎么样子,而这样一个虽然有所相续却剎那不断变化的心,不能够是所谓的「我」,那么「我」到底在哪里呢?

我们天生就有一种习气,一种习惯,我们认为这个身体以及心理的总集这个就叫做「我」,就好像是我们有一种很坏的习惯,已经多年了,那么虽然我们知道这个习惯很不好,但是我们还是继续作下去,我们这种我的习气概念出自于无明愚痴,就好像是我们在一个无明黑暗的暗处,看到一条彩色绳子,误以为它是蛇,当我们误以为它是蛇的时候,就生起了恐惧等等各种的心情,彩色绳子明明就不是蛇,只不过它刚好放在暗处,然后我们误以为它是蛇,但是当我们了解了原来这不是蛇,而是一条彩色的绳子的时候,刚刚所发生的一切的恐惧以及惊怖,全部都消失了。

所以轮回的根本以及痛苦的根源都来自于所谓的「我执」,而且这所谓的我执是没有任何道理的,因此无明是一切烦恼的根本,因为有所谓的「我」,就是有「别人」的产生,有了「自」,就有「他」,这是一种相对性的产生,自己与他人,就好像是长跟短一样,所谓的长、短,也是要有一个长跟一个短才能够比较出来的,所以从无明出现了一个我,然后我们对于「我」非常的执着,对于他人产生嗔恨,因之,所谓的三毒,就从无明而产生的。无明,就是有「我」的产生,有了我之后,对于我和我这一边的,我们就产生执着,贪执,对于不是我们这一边的,我们生起嗔恨,所谓的我这边的,我的贪执,就是指对于我们自己的亲友眷属财富地位等等产生贪执,然后我们对于不同的观点,不同想法的人就产生嗔恨,然后从贪嗔痴又进一步生起了嫉妒、傲慢、吝啬等等的烦恼,然后透过这根本的烦恼,我们产生了行为的不善业,譬如说我们就杀生、偷盗、以及口语的不善业,如说谎,挑拨离间,说一些坏话等等,然后我们心理上面产生了很大的嗔恨心。

由于憎恨心及烦恼所做的种种行为,就好像是在一个肥沃的土壤种下有毒种子一般,当温度湿度种种条件配合下,将来必定出生一个恶的果实,这就是自业自受,我们自己所造作的业因,不管多久,乃至于一劫之后,业果业报成熟之后,这个业报绝对不会跑到别人的身上,绝对是跑到你自己的身上,即使是你为自己的家人所作的种种业力,将来会受到业报的也是你自己,透过业因,最后产生业报,然后根据业报的强度来决定我们会生往何方。如果说这个恶业的业报的本身强度很大的话,那我们就会堕入恶道之中,如果说这个恶业的力量强度是较小的话,那么我们就会投生到人道或其它的地方,如此我们自己制造了痛苦。同样的,安乐也是我们自己行善业的结果,而所谓的善业,就是透过我们的慈心悲心等等所造的行为,这样行为的因,就好像是一棵树,如果它的树根是一个药可以做药的药树的话,那么这棵药树的花叶果实枝干等等都是可以入药的,所以如果我们自己想要长寿健康富足的话,那么这一切的结果都要从我们自己的善业所产生,那么我们已经了解到所谓的无明愚痴还有这些烦恼,是我们痛苦的来源,那么我们如何除去痛苦呢?如何除去这些染污呢?

除去烦恼染污有两种方法,一种是运用智慧,一种是运用方便。所谓的智慧就是我们要了解到自业自受,我们今日所遭受的一切的痛苦是自己过去所造的苦因所致,所以我们最大的敌人,不是外在的,因为没有任何外在的敌人,可以为我们产生这么多的痛苦,而我们最糟的敌人,就是我们自心的染污烦恼,因为我们自己的染污烦恼,可以让我们沦落在到恶道之中长达几劫的时间,当我们了解到这一点之后,我们就应该调伏烦恼。

到现在为止,因为我们的心都是被烦恼所控制,所以没有任何一个人可以远离痛苦,现在我们已经了解到我们的烦恼,我们就必须下定决心和烦恼来挑战,我们应该下定决心,从现在开始不为烦恼所控制,我们要战胜烦恼,如此我们应该试着除去心中的烦恼,生起心里面的光明面,譬如慈心、悲心等等,由我们心里的光明面、慈心、悲心所生起的这些行为,就是我们安乐与利益之源,我们试着透过修学慈心与悲心来积聚资粮,如此就算我们不能够根除烦恼,至少我们也能够调伏它,不为它所控制。而智慧与方便二者是互相依赖的,就好像我们想要看到西山的山顶是什么样子,我们就必须要爬到东山的山顶去看,所以,以上所说是透过方便来调伏我们自己烦恼的方法。

在智慧方面来说的话,为了要生起智慧,首先要积聚福德,而积聚福德的方法有很多,而其中最有力的方法就是生起菩提心,成佛想,而生起菩提心必须有慈心和悲心作为基础,其实我们多少都有慈心和悲心,即使是最凶残的动物也是一样,它们至少会对自己的子女慈悲,想要去救护自己的子女,然而这种微小的慈心与悲心是不正确的,因为它是从自私而出发的,因为这种慈悲是出自于「我执」,因为它是我的朋友,我的亲戚,所以我对他慈悲,然而真正的慈悲是无分别的,所谓的慈心,就是从不管是我们的亲戚、朋友、乃至于我们的仇敌,以及那些陌生人,我们从来没有见过、没有听过的一切众生都愿它们得乐及乐因,这样子才叫真实的慈心。

真实的悲心就是愿一切众生皆离苦及苦因,在自己心中建立慈心与悲心的基础之上,才能够发起菩提心,因为菩提心就是了解到要真实的利益所有的众生,那么惟有自己成就无上正等正觉,能够生起这样的菩提心,即使只是一剎那的时间,也能够具有无量无边的功德,透过这样子的功德有助于我们生起无我的智慧,而无我的智慧是可以断除轮回的根本的,能够永远的除去烦恼。

为了生起这样的智慧,我们需要禅定,禅定分为两种:止和观,止就是置心一处,观就是观照分析,但是止必须在观的前面,因为我们的心是非常的纷乱的,我们不能够用这种纷乱的心来作禅定,因此,我们运用正确的姿势、方法以及教戒来使我们现在非常纷乱一一相续生起的心能够寂止,透过种种技巧修持基本禅定使我们的心能够沉稳,置心一处,透过这样子的「止」作为基础,才能正式的修持观慧,因为本来就没有一个我,所以当你去观察分析的时候,也找不到一个所谓的「我」,既然没有那个能够去看、去听、去尝、去闻的主体,那么又何来所谓色声香味触的客体呢?就好像既然没有右边,又哪里会有左边呢?既然没有能够去看到客体色相的主体我,那么客体的色相又如何存在呢?那么大家这时候就会很奇怪,既然是无我,那怎么我们大家都同时看到了这些东西又过这样的日子呢?

其实我们现在所有的生活都不是真实的,它是了无自性的,有三个方法可以来说明这个现象,首先是圣教量,也就是经由佛陀的教示,告诉我们法界的一切现象都是了无自性的,第二个方法是经过逻辑的分析,也就是透过我们的经验,怎么说呢?如果外在的现象是真实的,那么应该它对每一个人都同样的真实,譬如说,一个令某人感到非常快乐欢喜的地方,对另外一个人来说也应该是快乐欢喜的地方,如果这个地方的美好是那么样的真实的话,那么应该对每个人来说这地方都是美好的;同样的,如果说我们看到一个东西,觉得好美,而这个美是真实的话,那应该每个人看到都很美,可是有些人就觉得好丑;同样的来作推论,「一」可以为多,而「多」又可以为「一」,所以万法唯心,心外无法,离于我们自心并没有外在独立存在的现象,一切万法皆为因缘所生,就已经证明了诸法无自相,就好像是我们看电视一样,看电视需要有很多的因缘才能够促成我们能够看成这个电视,只有电视是看不到节目的,你必须要有电源,你必须有线的就要有缆线,无线的也要有电波要有人造卫星等等,然后你才会打开电视机,看到里面的影像,听到声音等等,这之中可以促成我们看成电视的诸多因缘,只要少了这其中的一两个,这个电视节目就看不成了。

这就好像是我们的人生一样,我们现在所有生命的经验也都是种种因缘聚合所生,在佛经里面也提到,以一杯水作例子,人道来看一杯水是一杯水,天道的众生看这一杯水是甘露,饿鬼道的众生看这杯水是脓血,而地狱道的众生看到的是滚烫的铁汁,这是由于每一个众生不同的业力所致。

那么第三个方法就是历代的祖师教授的口诀,透过他们在禅定之中所得到的经验结集出来的口诀教授,譬如说过去有位修持道果教法的祖师,由于他在定中他身上的脉气起了变化,因此他感到非常的渴,所以他要去找水,但是就算他走到河边、湖边,他也看不到哪里有水,但是当他的定境消失之后,他才发现,其实他都已经走过一个湖、一条河,他现在用走走不回去,要坐船才能回去了,所以这是他在定境之中的关系,所以就算他已经走到另外一个岛上了,还没看到哪里有水,因此我们应该努力的来禅修,透过禅定然后修持智慧,以智慧来断除我执,当我们能够了悟无我之后,既然无我,又何来贪执、嗔恨等种种的烦恼呢?

所以我们应该透过智慧与方便二者来除去我们的无明愚痴,以正确的发心、正确的方法、精进的修持,以使我们从烦恼中解脱。

Your Buddha nature is beyond the differences of culture and gender. It does not matter where you come from. It does not matter whether you are a woman or a man. You must always understand this. You must have confidence in the fact that in this life that you have now, you can become a great practitioner.

-- Chamtrul Rinpoche