Thursday, 29 December 2022

业的转化

益西彭措堪布

如果我们造下定、不定业,是否只能被动地感受果报呢?当然,如不依对治力,业不会有丝毫的减弱,定要毫厘不爽地感果。但如依四种对治力忏悔,则可以使重业减轻,轻业变无。

四种对治力即:依止力、破恶力、恢复力、对治力。依止力,如人误服毒后,需依医治疗,造罪之人应归依三宝,发菩提心,然后观想诸佛菩萨的种种功德庄严来忏悔业障;破恶力,如误服毒物之人极想将毒物吐出,造罪之人从内心深处发露忏悔,没有覆藏心;恢复力,如误服毒物的人发誓再也不吃毒物,造罪之人发誓纵遇命难亦不复造罪业;对治力,如误服毒物的人,为了疗毒需服药物,造罪之人以精勤行善,念诵金刚萨埵心咒等来清净罪障。

下面进一步讲述四种对治力。

一、依止力分外依止力和内依止力,外依止力即如理观想诸佛菩萨,内依止力指归依和发心。总之,依止力是归依三宝、忆念三宝功德,诚心祈祷三宝以清净罪障。忏悔时当为一切众生清净业障成就正等觉果位发起无伪的菩提心,从而将往昔的一切罪障彻底清净。如《入行论》云:“如人虽犯极重罪,然依勇士得除畏,依靠何者速解脱,彼者善人何不依?菩提心如劫末火,刹那能毁诸重罪。”

二、破恶力:应对自己所造的罪业生起后悔心,发露忏悔,不覆不藏。如果没有强烈的追悔心,单单口头上改悔,罪业不能得以清净。《弥勒狮吼论》云:“无知所造罪,一切当忏悔,智者若忏悔,不与业同住。”

三、恢复力:发誓今后不再造罪业,指静息十种不善业等。《毗奈耶广释》云:“若无诚意防护之心,所行悔罪,唯有空言。”《入行论》云:“断尽恶心时,说为戒度圆。”所以防护自心后不再作恶业至为重要。

四、对治力:指尽力行持善行以对治所造恶业。所依善法分六:(一)依止甚深经典,指受持读诵般若波罗密多等契经;(二)依胜解空性,指趣入无我空性,安住本来清净的空性,依空性见可灭除种种罪障;(三)依形象,指对佛、菩萨具足信心,造立经像;(五)依供养,指对佛像及佛塔作种种供养;(六)依名号,指听闻受持念诵诸佛名号、诸大菩萨名号。

初学者依靠四种对治力忏悔,便可将感生恶趣的重业转变,或令变成感受轻微苦,或使虽生恶趣但不领受恶趣诸苦,或者现身稍受头痛等即得清净。又使应长时受报的,变为短时受报或全不受报。消除罪业的程度要看净修之人力量大小——是否圆满具足四对治力,忏悔之力猛烈与否,时间相续是长久还是短促,等等差别无有一定。

或疑:经云:“众生之诸业,百劫不毁灭,因缘聚合时,其果定成熟。”此处讲所造罪业经由四对治力忏悔,便能清净,不感果报,如是二者岂不自相矛盾?

答:如果未以四对治力忏悔对治,无因无缘业果定无空耗之理。但如以四力对治,虽是定业亦能清净,何况不定业。因由忏悔及防护等,能破坏感异熟果之种子的功能,虽遇余缘,也必定不能感发异熟果。此与由生邪见或由嗔恚摧毁善根同理。



As long as we don’t recognise our real nature, we suffer. When we recognise our nature, we become free from suffering. 

-- Yongey Mingyur Rinpoche



Wednesday, 28 December 2022

An Extensive Commentary on the Four Immeasurables

by Buddhagupta

Loving-kindness, compassion,
Sympathetic joy, and equanimity —
How to cultivate with diligence
These great immeasurables, I shall now explain.

Focusing on immeasurable sentient beings brings about immeasurable accumulations, immeasurable qualities, and immeasurable primordial wisdom.

IMMEASURABLE SENTIENT BEINGS

We cannot calculate the total number of sentient beings, saying, “This is how many there are in the three realms.” And sentient beings are thus said to be immeasurable. As the Bhagavān said in the Noble Sūtra Teaching the Great Compassion of the Tathāgatas:

Son of a noble family, the sentient beings living in a space the size of a chariot wheel, visible to a Tathāgata, are extremely numerous. But the gods and humans throughout the world systems of the vast billionfold universe are not like that: the realms of these imperceptible sentient beings are immeasurable.

Therefore, as the immeasurable realms of sentient beings are beyond comprehension, sentient beings are said to be immeasurable.

You might wonder: when cultivating the immeasurables, how should we focus on immeasurable sentient beings and meditate?

All sentient beings of the three realms have been circling throughout the higher and lower abodes throughout beginningless time based on the power of their individual karma. As there is not a single one who, in the course of this wandering, has not been close to us many hundreds or thousands of times, think: “These are my loved ones!” And abide in equanimity, extending the four immeasurables to all sentient beings. This is what is known as focusing on immeasurable sentient beings.

IMMEASURABLE ACCUMULATIONS

The immeasurable accumulations are those of merit and wisdom. All four immeasurables are, in this sense, the cause, since they are the cause or essence of generating boundless gatherings of both merit and wisdom. Thus, in the sūtras, the Bhagavān also says:

Son of a noble family, to make offerings to someone who is meditating on the samādhi of loving-kindness, and who has not yet risen from his or her seat, creates immeasurable merit.

If so much merit can be gained simply by offering gifts to one who is training in immeasurable loving kindness and the rest, what need is there to mention actually practising these immeasurables and meditating on them for oneself? The amount of merit generated thereby will be far, far greater.

This is how immeasurable stores of merit and wisdom are produced. These then serve to generate a boundless collection of qualities, which, in turn, yields limitless wisdom.

IMMEASURABLE QUALITIES 

Immeasurable qualities are the great attributes of enlightenment, such as the powers, the fearlessnesses and the rest. They are the result of the accumulation of merit and wisdom gained through abiding in the four immeasurables. As this is what brings about the great qualities of enlightenment, we must earnestly apply ourselves to these four immeasurables.

IMMEASURABLE PRIMORDIAL WISDOM 

These four dharmas — the four immeasurables — are the focal object of the Tathāgatas’ immeasurable primordial wisdom. Alternatively, it can be explained that primordial wisdom itself abides in the state of, or as the essence of, the four dharmas of loving kindness and the rest. This is what is meant when we speak of a sphere of experience, or essence, in which the object of cognition is inseparable from cognitive awareness itself.

LOVING-KINDNESS 

At the stage of ‘devoted conduct’, a bodhisattva experiences the “four factors of ascertainment”: attainment of appearance, enhancement of appearance, partial engagement in the meaning of suchness, and the unobstructed samādhi. For those bodhisattvas who experience these four factors of ascertainment, the gods, humans, pretas and the like, as well as the realms of hell-beings, are all directly perceptible to their heightened faculties. When they see these gods, humans and others, as well as the beings in the lower realms whose very nature is suffering, these bodhisattvas feel particularly strong compassion for them. At the same time, they realise that these beings have been circling in saṃsāra throughout beginningless time, and, therefore, have all, without exception, been their close relations. As a consequence, they feel great loving kindness towards them all, caring for them as if they were their very own children. They make aspirations that all sentient beings may be liberated from suffering and experience only happiness, and they act to benefit all beings. This is known as loving-kindness focused on sentient beings.

Bodhisattvas on the first to the seventh bhūmis generate loving kindness towards sentient beings by directly realising the nature of things. Although all phenomena lack any true nature, sentient beings fail to realise this, and, by tightly clinging to things as real, they circulate throughout the three realms. These bodhisattvas, therefore, feel loving kindness towards the beings who suffer in this way. They make aspirations that they might realise the true nature, and they act to benefit all beings through the Dharma. This is known as loving-kindness focused on phenomena.

From the eighth bodhisattva bhūmi onwards, up and including the attainment of enlightenment, corresponds to the level of “spontaneous accomplishment, free of focus”. From the eighth bhūmi, bodhisattvas generate loving kindness towards sentient beings while acting for their benefit spontaneously and without thought. They act for beings as in the examples of a precious, wish-fulfilling jewel or a wish-granting tree. Although these bodhisattvas are without ordinary thoughts, great loving-kindness still arises spontaneously through the power of their past aspirations, and they act to bring benefit to beings. This is known as loving-kindness free of focus.

How, then, do ordinary beings, who are just beginning, train in loving kindness that is focused on sentient beings? An ordinary beginner should meditate on loving-kindness focused on sentient beings according to the following stages.

There are three types of sentient beings: 1) those one cherishes, 2) those one is indifferent towards, and 3) those one dislikes. Cherished sentient beings can then be further subdivided into three: greater, middling, and lesser. Likewise, those one is indifferent towards and those one dislikes can also be subdivided into the three categories of greater, middling, and lesser. So, in all, there are nine divisions.

At first, visualise someone you cherish in a middling way and practice feeling towards them just as you do towards those you cherish greatly, such as your own parents. Once you are familiar with this, visualise all those to whom you are indifferent, and practice feeling towards them just as you do towards those you cherish most. Then visualise those you mildly dislike and practice feeling towards them just as you do towards those you cherish most. Once you are used to this, visualise someone you dislike in a middling way and practice feeling towards them as you do towards those you cherish most. Then finally consider those you really dislike and train in feeling towards them the kind of love you feel for your own parents.

Through this, we can train in focusing on all sentient beings, who, throughout the course of beginningless time, have been dear to us and have even been our own parents. And, as we train in this way, even though we begin by focusing on just the members of our own family, we gradually extend the practice until it is infinite.

COMPASSION 

Compassion focused on sentient beings who are suffering is the compassionate wish to dispel the sufferings of all beings, who are plagued by the three sufferings (of suffering upon suffering, and the rest) or the eight sufferings (of birth, and so on).

Compassion focused on sentient beings who do wrong is the compassionate wish to eliminate all the harmful actions of beings whose conduct is unvirtuous, as they are the root or cause of the sufferings just mentioned.

Compassion focused on sentient beings who are not completely liberated as they lack the necessary conditions is directed towards those who cannot hear the Dharma as they lack a spiritual teacher. As it says in a tantra, “Those who don’t follow a teacher, who don’t hear the Dharma, and who aren’t liberated, are freed through compassion.”

SYMPATHETIC JOY 

Sympathetic joy is a delight in the various kinds of wealth that sentient beings possess: material riches, the Dharma, and happiness.

Sympathetic joy focused on perfectly gathering the accumulations is the joy that we feel towards our own great gatherings of virtue.

Sympathetic joy focused on the taste of sacred Dharma is the joy we feel when we (and others) experience the taste of hearing the Dharma, or the taste of contemplation and meditation.

EQUANIMITY 

Those who act for the welfare of sentient beings should have equanimity towards the fortunate and the unfortunate alike. Rather than discriminating, by acting only for the benefit of the fortunate and never for the unfortunate, we should act for the benefit of both in equal measure.

The expression “eight worldly concerns, including gain and loss” also refers to happiness and suffering, praise and criticism, renown and obscurity. Being neither delighted nor upset by these situations, we should remain in equanimity. These eight worldly concerns are so-called because they are well known to, and found among, the mundane.

How do we maintain equanimity with regard to these eight concerns?

Suppose you acquire great wealth or possessions: do not allow yourself to become too elated or attached to them. Conversely, if your wealth or possessions decline or you fail to acquire any, do not feel despondent or sad. This is known as equanimity that is free from happiness and sorrow in the face of gain and loss.

Even if someone you are attracted to were to anoint your body with perfume, sandalwood and the like, to caress you, and to treat you with honour and respect, you must not become overjoyed or attached to such pleasures. And even if an enemy were to abuse you physically, by beating and striking you, you must not become angry. Instead, joyfully accept the pain of being struck and beaten, rather than concentrating on the suffering. This is known as equanimity that is free from happiness and sorrow in the face of joy and suffering.

If a friend were to praise you with sweet words, describing you in glowing terms, you shouldn’t feel delighted or think of yourself as superior. Whereas, if an enemy were to discover your faults and proclaim them, you shouldn’t become sad or depressed. This is known as equanimity that is free from happiness and sorrow in the face of praise and criticism.

Even if many people come to hear and know of your talents, don’t take delight in this acknowledgement of your attributes, thinking, “Now that so many people know of my good qualities, I will surely become famous and never be forgotten!” Alternatively, if few people ever hear of or acknowledge your qualities, don’t feel sad, thinking, “My qualities are overlooked. What a pity!” This is known as equanimity that is free from happiness and sorrow in the face of recognition and non-recognition of one’s qualities.

“Accumulations” refers to the accumulations of merit and wisdom already explained above. Equanimity in regard to gathering the accumulations on special and ordinary occasions means that we shouldn’t differentiate, thinking, “I shall practise virtuous accumulations on this occasion, but not at other times.” Instead, we must practise virtue at all times.

In reference to all the meditative training
In the four immeasurables, the ‘Brahmic’ states,
I have composed and set this down for beings’ sake:
May all be unobscured, swiftly to awaken!



As a flower that is lovely, beautiful, and scent-laden, even so, fruitful is the well-spoken word of one who practises it.

-- The Buddha



Tuesday, 27 December 2022

佛之真义

净空法师

【何谓佛】

学佛人首先要明确的认识“佛”。“佛”是梵文音译,意思是圆满的智慧、究竟的觉悟。智慧、觉悟达到究竟圆满的人,就称之为“佛”,所以佛不是神仙。

中国古代教育的目标是“希圣希贤”,希望作圣人、作贤人,而圣贤与富贵、功名、权势是毫无关系的。孔老夫子是个平民,晚年从事于教学的工作,在中国历史上尊称他为“至圣先师”。就如同释迦牟尼佛在印度被尊称为“佛”,佛有究竟圆满的智慧,也就是说他明白宇宙人生的真相,通达因果变化的道理,这在中国称之为“圣人”,所以圣人与佛的意思是相通的。

【智慧】

佛的教学枢纽,就是“破迷开悟”。觉悟之后,在大宇宙中,自己就能做得了主宰。所以,佛家是以智慧作主,因为智慧才能解决一切问题。圣贤的教育,可说都是智慧的教育。因为智慧开了,自然就离苦得乐。此乐不是富贵之乐,不是名闻利养、五欲六尘享受之乐。释迦牟尼佛一生三衣一钵,日中一食,树下一宿,他是真乐!孔老夫子的学生颜回,在物质生活上贫困不堪,“一箪食,一瓢饮,在陋巷,人不堪其忧,回也不改其乐”。用竹篓盛饭,以葫芦瓢当茶杯,这样的生活,一般人认为是苦不堪言,颜回却能过得很快乐。所以,离苦得乐不是改变我们生活的方式,而是完全在心境上做一个大转变。明白这些道理,所谓是“心安理得”;安是得定,清净心现前就快乐了。

其实,养这个身很容易,身的需要不多,所以有智慧、聪明之人,决不为这个身去造罪业。反而是愈简单的生活,愈健康。何以会健康?快乐,所谓“人逢喜事精神爽”,人只要遇到自己欢喜的事情,就特别有精神。什么事情是最欢喜的?明白宇宙人生的大道理,这是最欢喜的。这种欢喜、快乐称为“法喜充满”,是从内心里发出来的,而不是外来的,还能永远保持。何以故?自性觉是无有穷尽的,天天觉悟,年年觉悟,时时觉悟,处处觉悟,当然快乐!外面五欲六尘的享受,那是刺激,那种乐是无常的,不能常久保持,所以称为“坏苦”。

“佛”不但对现前清楚、明了,对过去无始、未来无终也都清楚、明了。他生于富贵是富贵佛,生于贫贱是贫贱佛,富贵、贫贱与他毫不相干。所以,不论是贫贱还是富贵,作佛的快乐是相同的、是平等的,决不是说富贵人快乐多一点,贫穷人快乐少一点。功名、富贵、权势有也好,没有也好,他都能自在随缘的度日。由此可知,唯有佛法,能带给一切众生,真实究竟圆满的幸福。诸佛菩萨证得了,证得就是他真的得到了。

诸佛菩萨在哪里?各行各业都有。《华严经》“善财童子五十三参”,有男女老少、各行各业,他们都觉悟、明白了,所以他们都是佛菩萨。学佛一定要对“佛”的概念清楚、明白,这非常重要。若不清楚、不明白,那就是迷信,迷信决定与智慧相违背,为世人所厌弃。

虽然世间人厌弃迷信,可是实际上迷信的人很多。世间人喜欢觉悟、智慧,可是真正觉悟、有智慧的人并不多。这个趋向不只现前如是,过去如此,未来还如是。正因为事实如是,我们才肯定圣贤教育,必定能够恢弘广大,普利一切众生,佛法讲是普度一切众生,因为这是众生所希求的。佛法何以不能推广?“大智度论”云:“佛法无人说,虽智莫能解”,因为说的人太少了,没有人推行。

什么样的人才能说、才能推行?智慧开了才行。所以,要想开智慧,希望自己像佛菩萨一样讲经说法,把佛法介绍给别人,就必须将障碍智慧的东西舍弃;用最浅显的话来讲,障碍智慧的是自私自利的念头,自私自利的行为。智慧不开,永远迷在事实真相之中,这是迷惑。人迷惑,必定随顺错误的知见、思想,于是就造业,造业就是错误的行为。由于错误的思想与行为,产生错误的果报,这个果报称为“六道轮回”。我们今天的处境就在其中,生生世世都沦落在六道里面。

开智慧的方法很多,我们采取的是“持名念佛”,这个方法就是“禅定”,不仅佛用“禅定”的方法,婆罗门教、瑜伽、数论也是用这个方法。念佛真能开智慧吗?能,但是要懂得方法,明白道理。道理明白了,才有坚定的信心,“华严”云:“信为道元功德母”。若修学净土法门,半信半疑,一定不会有成就。因此,坚定的信心,决定不可动摇的信心,就是成就的第一因素、条件。

禅定就是意志专注,集中意志专念一桩事、专想一桩事,将其他的妄念渐渐摆脱,就能得定。专想一桩事,这桩事就会现前,譬如专想和平,你从和平当中就得定了,就会产生效果,和平的社会就能现前。

婆罗门教用禅定的方法,境界能达到大梵天,他们就是用禅定与大梵天沟通,所以他们称大梵天是造物主。很可惜他们的禅定功夫达到这一层次之后,就不能再向上提升。而佛家讲的禅定,层次更高,能成就究竟圆满的禅定。《楞严经》的“首楞严大定”,《华严经》的“师子奋迅三昧”,往生经的“念佛三昧”,这都是究竟圆满的禅定。所以,对于宇宙人生真相,彻底圆满究竟的明了,就称作“佛”、“菩萨”,这是我们学佛希望达到的目标。

这样高深的禅定,我们一生当中做不到,因为我们的寿命太短了,所以寿命短也是魔障。正因为如此,我们才发愿求生西方极乐世界,用现代话说,就是移民到极乐世界。极乐世界的生活环境好,寿命长,有足够的时间修学,我们才能成就究竟圆满的大定。

定起作用就是智慧,智慧能照了世出世间一切事理。所以,学佛对佛的本质要认识清楚。与这些原理原则相应的,就是佛法;违背这些道理与修学方法的,就不是佛法。佛法所求的是明心见性,所使用的方法是断烦恼、开智慧;而假的佛法、魔法,与此正好相反。所以,我们从这些地方就能辨别是非、邪正、真假、高下,一接触就晓得它是正法、还是邪法,也知道他修行的层次到某种程度。

我们要想得到这种殊胜的功德利益,一定要认真努力,万缘放下,要著重心地清净,六根接触六尘境界,一丝毫都不沾染,这是禅定功夫。从定境生智慧,这才能自利利他,才能将佛法介绍给别人,帮助一切众生。



Happiness mainly comes from our own attitude, rather than from external factors.

-- His Holiness the Dalai Lama



Monday, 26 December 2022

Mythic Symbols of Fortune and Character

by Venerable Dao Ran

Since the parasol tree was believed to be appealing to the phoenix, the Chinese people venerated it as an auspicious symbol. There are records dating as early as the Book of Odes. Zheng Xuanjian of the Eastern Han Dynasty (25 – 220 CE) stated: “the phoenix stops on no trees other than the parasol tree”. Yao Jiheng said in the Introduction of the Book of Odes: “The parasol tree grew in the high mountain facing the sun. The phoenix stopped on the parasol tree and sang. Today, we use the phoenix to mean the high mountain and the parasol tree to mean the sun”. Therefore, the phoenix follows the parasol tree as the mountain’s apex follows the sun.

Zhuang Zhou of the Warring States Period wrote in Zhuang Zi: “The phoenix flew from the south sea to the North Sea, stopping on no trees other than the parasol tree, eating no food other than bamboo and drinking no water but that of the sweet spring”, which reflected the difference between the phoenix and other ordinary birds.

In the Former Qin Dynasty (351 – 394 CE), Fu Jian planted thousands of parasol trees and bamboo to attract the phoenix. There is a saying: “plant the parasol tree and attract the golden phoenix”. In Suzhou, the private garden, “Canli Garden”, was famous for the parasol tree planted there. The name came from a poem by Du Fu, an acclaimed Tang poet: “the parrot pecked the abandoned rice and the phoenix stopped on the old parasol tree”. As the ancient people usually related the parasol tree with the phoenix, people today still say that planting the parasol tree will entice the phoenix. This became an auspicious and aesthetic pastime for rich households with courtyards.

With its big, straight trunk, the parasol tree was highly praised by writers in ancient China, who considered it a symbol of upright character. The lone parasol embodied a pure disposition in a corrupt world. This image was circulated by the Wei, Jin and the Southern and Northern Dynasties (220 – 589 CE), and the poems of Song Baozhao, Xie Tiao and Li Qiao all had references to the lone parasol tree. Wang Changling, Bai Juyi, Wang Anshi and Pan Zhen’s poems also described the inner character of the parasol tree and endowed it with the characteristics of “haughty and upright”. The image of the phoenix tree also inspired government officials. Officials praised the monk Seng Yu, who introduced the parasol tree to the imperial piazzas. And the common citizenry even linked the appearance of the stars to the planting and growth of these auspicious saplings.

The deer was treated as an auspicious animal in traditional Chinese culture, symbolizing good fortune, happiness and longevity. People still gift their friends and family with boards, scrolls, and hall paintings written or carved with phrases like “longevity like the deer or turtle” or the heads of deer, which invite “auspice, fortune and longevity”. Mythical figures were always graced with young deer beside them. It was said that the god of longevity rode on a deer. In the Tang Dynasty, the city or county governments played the “Deer Bleats” and held deer feasts for successful candidates of the imperial examinations.

The deer was a fairy tale animal with noble characteristics. Its image of health and vitality can be seen in the traditional Chinese paper-cutting and New Year pictures. It was also beautified and apotheosised by writers and artists into a holy animal, the qilin. Legends of divine deer that can see through human nature have a long history. Masterpieces like the painting of Knights Shooting the Deer from the Han Dynasty, the deer carving lying at the feet of the Buddha, and the deer in the stone paintings of the Shang Dynasty discovered in Bai Cha He of Inner Mongolia are diverse and distinctive. In the Jin Dynasty, nobles used the pattern of deer as decoration. The description of the nine-coloured Deer in the Dunhuang wall painting was adapted into myths and, many centuries later, films.

In the eyes of the Chinese people, the deer is a gentle and friendly animal embodying innocence and great beauty, living harmoniously with human beings (especially the spotted deer with its white spots and red-brown fur). In ancient times, only aristocrats and royals had the right to feed and appreciate deer. King Zhou of the Shang Dynasty built a Deer Platform which was “three miles long and thousands of feet high” (4).In the Book of Odes, there was the record of “the king was in the Ling You Hunting Garden, and the deer lay in there” and “stayed together”. The deer were fed for the nobles’ appreciation and kept for hunting, sacrifices and food. Deer bones were used for divination in the Shang Dynasty. Their horns, carved with words, were discovered in the Yin Dynasty Ruins. In the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, it was popular to craft bird or animal monster statues wearing real deer horns for tombs. Deer horns were considered to have magical properties, which would protect the dead in the afterlife. As a symbol of traditional Chinese culture, the golden deer heralded the auspicious confirmation of an eminent monk called Tan Hong.



因缘可变,命运可改!

如果要解脱,就必须要修行,千万不能不把修行当成一回事,只是在有空的时候才打打坐、念念经,没有空的时候就得过且过,而应该将修行作为主要的努力方向,这样在我们离开人世的时候,才会有所收获。每一个人都知道,我们都是赤条条地来,两手空空地去,即使拥有全世界的财富,也不可能带走一分一文,在命归黄泉之际,带走的既不是银行的存款、豪华的别墅、名贵的汽车,也不是亲密的伴侣、慈祥的父母、心爱的子女,能够跟随我们来,并伴着我们去的,只有修行以及通过修行所取得的成就,不仅如此,而且也只有它们,才能挽救我们的生生世世,才能改变我们的命运。

佛教徒从来就不相信什么命中注定的说法,我们认为,所有的东西都是因缘和合,都是可以改变的。如果一切都是定数,都不可更改,那又何必修行、何必学佛呢?学佛的目的,不就是为了改变命运吗?因此,为了打破这些观念,为了超越这些因缘,我们就必须修行。

— 堪钦慈诚罗珠仁波切



Sunday, 25 December 2022

如何发愿往生极乐世界

希阿荣博堪布

今天是藏历十二月十五日(编者注:本文写作日期),也是阿弥陀佛的节日。在这个吉祥的日子里,我想给大家念诵《极乐愿文》和《上师阿弥陀佛修法极乐捷径》的传承。《极乐愿文》的作者是藏地的大成就者恰美仁波切,恰美仁波切一生通达大乘显密教典,诸佛密义全部了然于心,但在显现上恰美仁波切专志于净土法门,最后以大神通力不舍肉身并携带眷属、家犬等直接飞往极乐刹土。

《上师阿弥陀佛修法极乐捷径》是莲师当年为悲悯我们这个时代的众生而留下的伏藏法,莲师的功德我不必多说。多年前此法依莲师授记由法王如意宝的上一世列绕朗巴大师取出,现在也已由法王如意宝在汉、藏等地广弘。

法王的弘法利生事业,在很多佛经和传承上师的著作中都有明确的授记。法王如意宝也因为他的无量悲心与广大的利生事业,被公认为当今世界最伟大的上师。法王这一世,在密法方面广弘无上大圆满法,在显宗方面则以净土法门为主,并且法王自己也发愿往生西方极乐世界。五明佛学院每年定期召开四大法会,其中之一就是在藏历九月天降日召开的极乐法会。在第一次法王主持的极乐法会上,从西藏、青海和四川等地来的藏汉信众多达四十余万,法会期间法王曾意味深长地对信众们讲道:“你们一生中所造的恶业不少,今生更应求生西方极乐世界,永脱苦难,凡与我结过缘的人,因信愿不足或业障过重,今生未能如愿往生,无论下一世你们转生到哪一道中,我都将化身到你们身边,度化你们,直到你们往生极乐世界为止。”听到法王的教言,在场的几十万弟子无不落泪。二百多年前,大圆满祖师吉美林巴尊者的四大弟子之一多珠根桑银彭在《未来预言》中写道:“色啊当天喇沟处,乌金化身名晋美,赐给四众菩萨徒,显密正法如明月,利生事业高如山,清净徒众遍十方,结缘其者生极乐。”根据这个授记,所有与法王结缘的人都可以往生极乐世界。法王如意宝还曾经讲过:供养他钱财不是与他结缘,修持他所传承下来的法才是真正地与他结缘。法王希望所有发愿往生西方极乐世界的弟子都能圆满念诵阿弥陀佛圣号一百万遍(藏音:炯丹迪得因夏巴,札炯巴央达巴,作波桑吉,滚波奥华德美巴拉香擦洛,巧多嘉森且奥。汉译:皈依、顶礼、供养世尊善逝出有坏圆满正等觉怙主无量光佛),或者汉文“南无阿弥陀佛”六百万遍。

依据佛陀亲自宣说的经典和祖师们的教言,往生西方极乐世界要具足四种因和断除两种障碍,四种因:第一是忆念阿弥陀佛和极乐世界的功德,并生起不退的信心。第二生起菩提心。第三积累资粮。第四发愿往生并回向功德。具足了这四种因,一定能够往生。

需要断除的两种障碍:一是犯下五无间罪,二是犯下诽谤正法罪。五无间罪是指杀父、杀母、杀阿罗汉、出佛身血和破法轮僧。杀害自己的父母一般有良知的人不会做。法轮僧、佛陀和阿罗汉在当今时代我们很难遇到,所以现代人一般不会犯下五无间罪,但有些不如法的行为会成为近五无间罪,这在《极乐愿文》中写得很清楚,如果有,要好好忏悔。

与五无间罪相比,诽谤正法罪很容易在有意无意间违犯,所以一定要注意。大、小乘中所有的显密佛法全部是佛陀为利益众生而宣讲的无伪善说,如果诽谤其中任一教法或者认为佛法中这一教法殊胜、那一教法低劣等,就构成了诽谤正法罪,因为佛法是诸佛与圣者们所宣说的,所以诽谤佛法,也就诽谤了佛陀与僧众。如果造下了这样的恶业,不真心忏悔,下一世不用说往生极乐世界,就是人身都很难得到,果报不可思议。还有一种情况,就是现在有的在家人随意评论和诽谤出家人,作为一个学佛人这是很不如法的。释迦牟尼佛曾经讲过,每四位比丘当中就有一个是佛的化现。所以在出家人中谁是圣者、谁是凡夫我们根本无法判断。有的人讲,这个出家人的行为不如法,对佛法的损害很大。出家人有这样的显现,绝不是佛法的问题。虽然他有这样的显现,但我们依然无法判断;无法判断,就不要诽谤。因为诽谤出家人的因果实在是太大了。你如果认为某个出家人的行为不如法或者对这个出家人没有信心,可以不去拜见、不去供养,但记住不能诽谤。

佛法包括教法与证法,高僧大德们心中内证的是证法,为众生宣讲的是教法。如果诽谤为利益众生正在广转法轮的高僧大德也就是诽谤佛法。佛陀圆寂前也曾对阿难讲道:阿难莫悲伤,我于未来时,化现善知识,利益汝等众。看到佛陀的这些教言,有过这样行为的人应该反观一下自己,从现在就要马上断除诽谤高僧大德的行为,好好忏悔,否则会断送自己的解脱之路。如果诽谤的是一个佛菩萨的话,依据《极乐愿文》等经论的教言,业障和因果不可思议。所以我们大家今后都不要去评论别人,否则会伤害到我们自己。除以上所讲的两个往生的障碍,还有就是已经进入密乘的弟子不能破密乘根本戒。破了密乘根本戒,没有忏悔清净前也是不能往生的。

具足了往生的四种因并且断除了障碍往生的过失,不论是成就的圣者还是普通的凡夫,都可以往生到极乐世界。这是阿弥陀佛发下的广大愿力,也是传承上师特别是法王如意宝通过他们的修持为我们做出的印证。关于极乐世界的功德,我们以前已经讲了很多次,在汉传佛教的《净土五经》和藏传佛教的《净土教言》等经论中都有详尽的宣讲,大家回去后一定要认认真真地修持。

大家都是在家人,在家人生活在社会上肯定需要一些资粮,不仅是你们,我也一样,如果没有一点资粮确实很难生活下去。但作为一个学佛的人,追求的是真正的解脱,平时吃的、穿的够用就可以了,否则人的贪欲是很难满足的。今天有了一百万,就想一千万,有了一千万,就想一个亿,这样下去,永无止境,而生命却会在你追逐贪欲中一天天地缩短。到死亡来临时,不用说你积下的财富,连自己的这个肉身也带不走。前几天我去一位弟子家里,听她讲,她的邻居是一个身价很高的大企业家,平时身体看上去也很好。今年一月初这个企业家的一个项目完成,在庆祝的酒会上,他只喝了两小杯酒就突然死在了酒席上。本来他还计划再开发下一个更大的项目,但下一个顶目没看到,自己却离开了人世。一月初到现在只有二十几天的时间,现在他的家人已经为了争夺他的遗产打得不可开交。一个人如果用自己的所有精力去追求世间的财富,最后的结果可能都会这样。所以我们在满足自己的基本生活所需后,应该用更多的精力修持佛法。

我是五明佛学院一名普普通通的堪布。因为在法王如意宝的座下听闻了二十一年的佛法,所以今天在这里可以给大家讲一讲,但在修行方面应该和大家没什么区别。有时候晚上躺在床上的时候我会常常想,自己这一世虽然没有造下杀生、诽谤佛法等等这样的恶业,但一个凡夫平时肯定会有许多的过失,如果在明天早上我没有醒来,也许没有把握往生到极乐世界,所以我们师徒要一起努力修持,共同发愿往生。

发愿往生后,要常常忆念阿弥陀佛和极乐净土,因为常常观想,在自己突然遇到危险时,就能够想起阿弥陀佛和极乐净土。这样经过长时间的修持,会在梦中见到阿弥陀佛和极乐净土,最后在临终自己非常恐惧的时候,也会想起阿弥陀佛和极乐净土,最终往生极乐世界。

我虽然是一个凡夫,但今天给大家传承的法都是法王如意宝传给我的。法王是真正的圣者,在我依止法王的二十余年中,从来没有扰乱过上师的心,也没有一次让上师示现不悦,所以这两个法的传承是非常清净的。法王现在虽然已经离开了我们,他传承下来的法还在,只要我们按照法王和传承上师的教言修持,一定可以往生西方极乐世界。



All the violence, fear and suffering that exists in this world come from grasping at the self. What is the use of this great monster for you? If you do not let the self go, there will be no end to suffering. Just as, if you do not release a flame from your hand, you can’t stop it from burning your hand.

-- Shantideva



Saturday, 24 December 2022

The Five Mental Hindrances

by Prof. David Dale Holmes

Venerable Nyanaponika in The Five Mental Hindrances and Their Conquest, begins:

“Unshakeable deliverance of the mind is the highest goal in the Buddha’s doctrine. Here, deliverance means the freeing of the mind from all limitations, fetters, and bonds that tie it to the wheel of suffering, to the circle of rebirth. It means the cleansing of the mind of all defilements that mar its purity; the removal of all obstacles that bar its progress from the mundane (Pali: lokiya) to the supramundane consciousness (lokuttara citta), that is to arahatship.”

“Many are the obstacles which block the road to spiritual progress, but there are five in particular which, under the name of hindrances (nivarana), are often mentioned in Buddhist scriptures.”

The Five Mental Hindrances are:

1. Sensual desire
2. Ill will
3. Sloth and torpor
4. Restlessness and remorse
5. Skeptical doubt

“They are called ‘hindrances’ because they hinder and cloud . . . the development of the mind (bhavana). They can hinder right concentration so the mind remains bound within the mundane state — blocked from attaining access to supramundane states. The mind which demands nourishment based on fetters to mundane states will be tied to attachments from which it cannot be delivered.” (Nyanaponika 4, 1993)

Concerning nourishment, Venerable Nyanaponika quotes the Pali texts:

Just as monks, this body lives on nourishment, lives dependent on nourishment, does not live without nourishment — in the same way, monks, the five hindrances live on nourishment, depend on nourishment, do not live without nourishment. (Samyutta Nikaya 46:2)

Nourishment of sensual desire:

There are beautiful objects; frequently giving unwise attention to them — this is nourishment for the arising of sensual desire that has not yet arisen and the nourishment for the increasing and strengthening of sensual desire that has already arisen. (SN 46:51)

Nourishment of ill will:

There are objects causing aversion; frequently giving attention to them — is the nourishment for the arising of ill will that has not yet arisen, and for the increase and strengthening of ill will that has already arisen. (SN 46:55)

Nourishment of sloth and torpor:

There arises listlessness, lassitude, stretching of the body, drowsiness after meals, mental sluggishness; frequently giving unwise attention to it — this is the nourishment for the arising of sloth and torpor that have not yet arisen and for the increase and strengthening of sloth and torpor that have already arisen. (SN 46:51)

Nourishing restlessness and remorse:

There is the unrest of the mind; frequently giving unwise attention to it — that is the nourishment for the arising of restlessness and remorse that have not yet arisen and strengthening of restlessness and remorse that have already arisen. (SN 46:51)

Nourishment of doubt:

There are things causing doubt; frequently giving attention to them — that is the nourishment for the arising of doubt that has not yet arisen and strengthening of doubt that has already arisen. (SN 46:51)

We have all experienced sensuous desire, ill will, sloth and torpor, restlessness and worry, and sceptical doubt. They are like bad companions that like to hang around, but there is a way to get rid of them: the conquest of the Five Mental Hindrances can be achieved by starving them — giving them nothing to feed on — through “de-nourishment.”

SENSUAL DESIRE

Suppose the object of perception is a beautiful young woman or man. Despite our eyes being attracted by outward beauty, we may also realise that her/his body is full of blood, pus, guts and faeces — and not quite as attractive as it first seems.

When we note an object of sensual desire entering the perceptive field, we may observe and analyse it as a source of impurities. Knowing that an attractive form is also ruled by feelings, perceptions, arising mental associations, and resultant consciousness, we realise that the desired object is a bundle of urges and energy aggregates that are certain to spell trouble.

And so it is with all Five Mental Hindrances — what first attracts the senses or consciousness may start a fire within the mind instead of providing soothing satisfaction. When the eye and the other six senses are not trained, they will want to get up to mischief, and, therefore, they have to be carefully contained.

ILL WILL

When the senses want pleasant perceptions, but instead get undesirable ones — ugly, noisy, smelly, distasteful, or repulsive to touch — then suffering ensues.

Suppose a neighbour's music is too noisy, or his garbage is too smelly. It is easy to get involved and react to the unpleasant perception, developing a sense of consciousness and thinking, “This is not right! I’m going to tell him!” No sooner have you reacted than the neighbour is reacting back, and you are both feeling ill will. The moment you get involved and react, you lose whatever sense of equanimity you had and you may begin growling like an untamed animal.

The antidote to ill will is a good grounding in loving-kindness, compassion, sympathetic joy and equanimity. When these four factors are there, you will not make your neighbour your enemy — no matter how badly he behaves. Under no circumstances should we lose composure. Loss of equanimity affords an opportunity for the ill will to nourish itself and run rampant — and this is exactly what ill will wants to do with you.

SLOTH AND TORPOR

We fall into sloth (lack of motivation and laziness) and torpor (lethargy and listlessness) when we sink into a state of inertia and cannot arouse enough energy to do anything — but we can combat inertia by arousing energy through an act of the will.

If our mind becomes dull, we can arouse energy through reflecting on birth, decay, disease, death, and impermanence. We can avoid over-eating or change body postures in order to keep alert or contemplate the perception of light, remain in the open air, or do walking meditation in places where there are sharp-sided stones, or, alternatively, converse with suitable Dhamma friends, to arouse sympathetic joy.

RESTLESS AND REMORSE

We have all felt restless, uneasy, nervous, or full of worry and remorse. The antidote for de-nourishment of restlessness is the application of wise attention to direct the mind into calmer mental states of quietude and tranquillity, or, alternatively, through practising the monk’s rules more thoroughly, thereby developing calmness.

The more restlessness there is in the mind, the more opportunities the defilements will have to stir up nervous energy, to create a spark in the mind that eats up nervous energy as fuel for negative nourishment.

SCEPTICAL DOUBT

There may be doubt within the mind or uncertainty, which enters via outside influences. Once a spark of uncertainty has arisen to ignite doubt, it is hard to establish and maintain confidence.

Uncertainty, which lurks and hides in the dark corners of the mind, can be a dangerous enemy because it attacks from inside where we are defenceless, owing to a lack of focus and concentration. It is good that we have the Five Precepts, which counterbalance the Five Hindrances, giving us the confidence to follow the Buddha’s doctrine of unshakeable deliverance of the mind.



A fresh attitude starts to happen when we look to see that yesterday was yesterday, and now it is gone; today is today and now it is new. It is like that - every hour, every minute is changing. If we stop observing change, then we stop seeing everything as new.

-- Dzigar Kongtrul Rinpoche



Friday, 23 December 2022

調柔身心的訣竅—放松

慧門禅師

所以,無明煩惱、憤怒、情緒變動從那裡來?觀照到最後,就會知道它們是從那裡來。是從全身最小細胞構成分子裡激發、爆發出來的。因此,不從最根本的地方下手,那有辦法放松自在?而我們要達到這個最根本的放松,就必須透過禅的修持,進入一個時間停止、空間無限擴大的華藏界,大小含攝,產生無限重迭的光明,這種圓融自在不可言說的佛境界的放松,才是進入十地菩薩和佛果位的放松境界。

調柔身心的訣竅—放松

我們來學習禅,是要把我們身心的幾個部分放松:放松我們的皮膚、肌肉、骨頭,放松我們的五髒六腑,放松我們的呼吸系統、循環系統和內分泌系統。這幾個部位,都屬於有形的放松,大家比較容易察覺到自己有沒有真正放松,或者自己還是處在緊張的狀態之下。

接下來,要放松我們腦筋的作用,在打坐的時候,不要思考、不要有雜念妄想、不要胡思亂想,不要用腦筋。因為腦筋作用造成的緊張,是我們參禅時最容易產生的障礙;也是造成我們緊張的最大因素,甚至還會影響到昨天所談到的眼耳鼻舌身意(根塵識)這幾部分的放下。所以腦筋的放松是相當重要的。

腦筋的緊張

腦筋的放松不是說我們都不能用腦筋,也不是不能思考,不是這個意思;而是說不要被雜念妄想干擾我們清淨的心,不要讓雜念妄想覆蓋了我們的心光。但是,要放松頭腦,並不是那麼容易的。

為什麼會造成我們腦筋的作用?當然,大家很粗淺的認識就是:只要對我們的身心有干擾、影響,或者外在的環境影響到我們自身時,就一定會產生腦筋的作用;至於更細微的我們以自我為中心的意識,也會造成腦筋的作用,來辨別一件事、一個東西、一個現象對自己是有利還是無利?有害還是無害?是我們喜歡的還是討厭的?這些可以說都是造成腦筋作用(緊張)的最大因素。

會造成這種腦筋作用的自我意識,構成它的因素,無非就是時間的流動,時間的流動最容易造成腦筋的作用。假定我們的腦筋能夠放松到沒有時間的流動,沒有時間的存在,我們的腦筋一定沒辦法胡思亂想。也就是因為我們的腦筋裡有很多很多的念頭相續著,不管它們是有關無關,還是變化無窮,總是一個連接著一個,一直連接下去,沒完沒了。這時,就會使我們的腦筋喋喋不休,造成緊張;甚至一天二十四小時,二六時中,不管是在吃飯、讀書、做事、睡覺、做夢,我們的腦筋作用都沒有停過。

就是因為我們的腦筋不停的動,才會使腦筋的作用產生種種緊張,不能放松自在。所以,我們必須了解,腦筋的作用會讓我們產生種種的念頭,有這些雜念妄想,而讓我們產生了時間的觀念。這個時間觀念,可以粗分為過去、現在、未來,也就是過、現、未的時間流動,這些流動都是因為我們的念頭不斷相續才產生的。所以,我們所有的念頭都一定和過去、現在、未來有關;也因此,要放松我們腦筋的作用,可以說是最不容易的。

緊張的成因

到底什麼原因造成我們的種種念頭?造成我們腦筋的緊張?我們大致可以把它歸類為幾種:

一、壓抑

就是沒有完成而被壓抑下來的事情。在當下這個剎那之前,也就是過去的時間內,我們做了很多很多事,或者想著很多很多的事情,或者計劃了很多很多的事情;但是到現在為止,我們都沒有完成它。這些很多很多沒有完成的事情,會使我們憶念過去、回想過去,認為過去才是最美的,就像第一次談戀愛,沒有談成功、失戀了,總認為那個初戀的男朋友才是最帥的、最好的;那個女朋友才是自己心目中的白雪公主。其實也不見得。

為什麼會有這種感覺?因為有事情沒有完成,有願望沒有達到,所以就特別罣礙,直到臨死,都還執著著。比如說考高中,想要考建中,沒考上;要考北一女,沒考上;要考台大,沒考上;要讀醫科,沒考上;要當科學家,沒當成;這些未完成的事情,在這輩子裡,總會把它當成遺憾,因此有意無意之中就把這個遺憾的念頭壓抑下來,壓到內心最深處,壓到潛意識裡。就在這種壓縮、壓抑之下,它被愈壓愈小、愈過濾愈精純,最後,這個未完成的遺憾壓縮到內心最深處的時候,就會像我們在計算機屏幕上打了一大堆數目字,進入內存以後,就只剩下一點點。也像鴉片,本來很膨松,但將它濃縮提煉成海洛因以後,體積變得非常小,但是其毒無比。也像古時候的火藥,要有相當大的量,才能產生爆炸力;但是研究出原子彈、核子彈以後,體積就愈來愈小,用物質最小的中子、質子、電子,甚至更小的粒子構成武器,而當它爆炸的時候,威力卻強大無比。

所以,如果我們有一件事情沒有完成,有一件事我們想不起來的時候,我們會把它擺在心上,一直往內壓縮;這時,它就會變成原子彈、核子彈,會像鴉片變成海洛因一樣,埋在心中,變成不定時的炸彈,隨時會干擾我們內心的平靜和寧靜;只要有人把它挑出來,我們馬上就起了無明煩惱、脾氣和憤怒;甚至於都不知道自己的無明煩惱、脾氣是從那裡來,憤怒是從那裡來。其實,都是因為我們沒有完成的事造成遺憾的種子,潛伏在心中,無意中被人把它挑起、點燃、刺到,就會引爆。各位想想看,我們長那麼大,當我們在煩惱、生氣、憤怒時,是不是都是因為自己執著或有人觸到我們的隱私、隱痛?有沒有過這樣子?

曾經有人來打坐,一坐下來,沒發生什麼事情,就哭得唏哩嘩啦的,一問原因,原來她突然想到被老公欺負;想到結婚前,老公可以在家門口站崗等她一天都不嫌久;結婚以後,要出去玩,等她化個妝十分鐘就嫌久,就大吼大叫。她打坐時一想到這件事,就愈想愈生氣。你們打坐的時候,是不是也經常想到過去一些沒有完成的事?甚至想到過去有創傷、有悲傷、有憂郁、有挫敗的事?想得非常多。而快樂的事情,好像想得比較少一點。因為想到快樂的事,好像一下子就閃過去了。很多人經常處在這些狀況裡,因為沒有停止腦筋的作用,沒事找事來胡思亂想,而造成了身心的緊張。

透過禅的修持,就是要讓我們的腦筋能夠放松,而且讓我們從此以後,做任何事情,一定要把它完成,絕對不要中途而廢。就像你們來參禅打坐,也不要中途而廢;假定你中途而廢,將來在你往生那一剎那,你都會想到「我怎麼沒有打完禅七?」就像暑假參加禅七的好幾個小朋友,教他打坐,他就叫苦連天、偷懶;因為他偷懶,白天沒有用功,沒有完成該做的事,到晚上睡覺時就做夢,有一位小朋友就在大寮房裡大聲念佛號,整個寮房都聽得到。還有一位小朋友更妙,晚上夢中起來打坐,其他小朋友敲他肩膀說「師父在下香板!」他一聽,愈坐愈好;後來,小朋友把他推倒,他又睡著了。第二天,人家跟他說「昨天晚上你起來打坐,你知道嗎?」他很緊張的問:「我有沒有跏趺坐?我有沒有跏趺坐?」因為那時候我要求他們要能夠跏趺坐,他做不到,所以連做夢都想著要跏趺坐。

所以,沒有完成的事,容易造成腦筋的緊張,連做夢都想要把它完成,否則會讓我們死不瞑目。因此,不管做什麼事情,都要把它完成,學打坐也好,讀書也好,做事業也好,愛也好,做什麼都好,都要把它完成;不完成的話,到死的那一剎那,被憶想著過去的心干擾著,就不能了脫生死,而進入一個回想的境界,進入虛妄的過去。所以把現在或未來要完成的事完成,而且把因未完成所造成遺憾的壓抑種子,透過禅修消融掉,這樣才能松掉我們腦筋的緊張。

有一次打禅七,有一個二十八、九歲的年輕人來參加。那一次,我教他們參話頭,參「打坐是誰?」參到第五天,止靜中我再提撕「打坐是誰?」「打坐是誰?」⋯⋯他突然大叫「超速是誰?」我走過去用香板打他,他眼睛一張開,看到我就說:「就是你!」後來,在心得報告時,我問他:「教你參『打坐是誰?』,你不參;為什麼你在參『超速是誰?』」他說:「師父,我來的時候看到你,覺得很面熟,就是想不起來在哪裡見過。當你打我時,我一看,才突然想起:原來在我當交通警察的第一天,在高速公路上抓到一個超速的人,結果,我沒有開罰單,還叫他開慢一點。原來你就是那個人!」你看,他為了想印象中的這件事,整個人在禅七裡都沒有專心、沒有參話頭,只是想著「這師父在哪裡見過?」所以,連想不起來的事都會引起腦筋的緊張,造成沒必要的雜念妄想,而阻礙修行;這些雜念妄想就像片片烏雲般的會覆蓋我們的心多久、多嚴重,從這裡就可以知道。

有時候,要上台演講或跟別人講一句話,明明剛剛想得很好,正要講出來時,卻又吞下去。結果,吞下去以後,怎麼想就是想不出,愈努力去想,愈想不出來;等人家回去了,才突然又想到,但是已經太慢了,人都走了。你們有沒有經常這樣?很多人經常都會這樣子!

所以我們要知道,來學習禅,要讓我們的腦筋能夠放松,就必須從現在開始,把每件事都徹徹底底的完成,不要半途而廢,不要做一半就不做。很多來參禅打坐的人也一樣,那些中途溜掉的人,回去以後,一提到打坐,話就講得酸溜溜的,但是他的內心始終罣礙著;只要一談到打坐,就覺得有一根刺卡在喉嚨,對打坐不以為然,很不舒服。那是為什麼?因為他沒有完成禅的學習,造成了遺憾,才會這樣。

有一位師姐來打禅二,結束後,對一位師兄說:「以後打死我,我再也不來了!」這師兄回答她說:「你這樣說,保證以後一定還會再來。」其實,她來二天,最多走五趟步道而已。才走五趟步道,她就說,活到現在,所走的路,都沒有這次走的多。她回家以後,第二天爬樓梯時,就沒有辦法一步一步走,要斜著走,像螃蟹一樣爬上去,腳才抬得起來。她愈想愈不甘心,過了一個月,果然又來了。沒想到冤家路窄,又碰到這位師兄,問她:「你不是說不來了嗎?」她說:「我真不甘心,我真是那麼沒用嗎?二天才走五趟步道而已,爬樓梯就要像螃蟹橫著走!」

所以,當一個人不能全然接受,或沒有完成一件事,就像播一個種子、一個基因或一個染色體在細胞裡,在業力裡,不只這輩子,連生生世世,累劫也都會陰魂不散。我們為什麼會做夢?為什麼會無緣無故有無明煩惱?因為我們前生前世或今生今世所造作的未完成的種子,隨著業力帶到現在來,才造成很多無明煩惱,而我們自己無法察覺。就是這個原因,構成了很強大的業力牽引著。為了不再播這種不好的種子,就必須完成任何想要做的事情,不要擺在一旁,不要忽視,要欣然的接受,不要壓抑或勉強去完成。很多人都認為:「這件事我沒有看在眼裡,沒關系。」而沒有完成它;要知道,這未完成的事,不只干擾你這一生一世,還會繼續干擾你下一生下一世,會干擾你生生世世,大家絕對不要忽視這一點。

所以,只要想起「我一定要跏趺坐」,如果這輩子做不到,就會產生壓抑的種子,就干擾下一世,一看到別人跏趺坐,心裡就會發酵,會發霉、發酸,產生作用,所以不要忽視自己的念頭。

過去沒有完成的事情,也會干擾我們腦筋的清淨,會讓腦筋不停的動來動去,沒辦法停止作用。為什麼講「同床異夢」?就是因為從前的戀愛沒有成功,或者暗戀、單戀;結果,結婚以後,兩個人睡同一個床鋪,卻老是做不同的夢,總是夢見那個沒有得到的,就是這樣子。

有些心理學家曾經對很多聖人做過實驗。所謂聖人,就是經常做好事的人,在他們睡覺做夢的時候,測量他們的腦波,發現這些聖人、好人在做夢時,總是夢見自己在殺人、搶錢、欺負別人、做壞事,因為他清醒的時候老是壓抑自己想做壞事的念頭;把想做壞事的念頭壓下去,並沒有消融它,沒有把它發洩掉,所以測出來的腦波變動,正好就和壞人正在殺人時的腦波變動一樣。而那些壞人、殺人犯,在他們做夢時測出來的腦波,反而就和一個人心平氣和做好事、成為大善人、被總統召見表揚時的腦波一樣。所以我們就知道,一直壓抑壞的念頭,到時候,連做夢都在做壞事;而壓抑好的念頭,卻一直做壞事,睡覺做夢時反而夢到做好事。所以,想完成的事卻沒有完成,就是壓抑,就是在制造一顆不定時的炸彈,就會造成我們腦筋的緊張而不能放松。

二、雜染

會造成我們腦筋的緊張,使它不能放松,是因為有很多雜染。所謂雜染,就是佛法中指的貪瞋癡愛慢疑邪見,這些雜染雖然看起來是無形的,但是傷害卻很強。像我們貪婪的心、貪個不完的心,就會造成很多很多污染的作用,使我們的腦筋胡思亂想。像瞋恨的心也一樣,當我們記恨一個人、討厭一個人,也會變得執著,做出愚癡的行為,干擾了我們的思想。

雜染還有我們的愛欲。不正當的欲望、欲求,也都影響我們的腦筋作用,而污染我們的心。雜染還有貢高我慢,也會干擾我們的腦筋,比如和親戚朋友在一起,處處都想表現自己高高在上,這時候,我們的腦筋一定是很復雜的;為了維護自己的好形象,腦筋就分分秒秒要想盡辦法來隱藏自己的缺失、自己的無能,以表現自己是很優越的。這樣,會造成腦筋很大很大的負荷。

雜染還有疑惑,就是懷疑正知見,經常把假的當成真的,而活在虛幻中;也會經常懷疑別人、懷疑事情,這樣會帶來很多雜念妄想,造成腦筋的緊張。

三、知障

佛法裡所講的知障,就是知識的障礙。有很多人,認為自己的知識很豐富,書看得很多,學歷很高,禅宗公案看得很多,師父一開口,他馬上知道這公案是什麼,這就是知識造成的障礙。這時候,一定沒有辦法像電擊、閃電一般,啪啦一聲擊中他,讓他一震而清醒過來。因為他已經用他已知的知識、公案來比較,來判斷師父所用的方法;他就失去了那個能引爆他即刻開悟的機會,他仍然受著知識的干擾而造成腦筋的緊張,很多人就因此喪失了開悟的禅機,實在很可惜。

所以,要放松我們的腦筋,就必須知道,會讓我們的腦筋喋喋不休、永不停止、相續不斷起作用的,可以說都是這三種原因造成的。

當然,會造成我們的腦筋作用,除了過去的事之外,現在的環境也會影響我們的身心,讓我們感受自我的存在,造成我們腦筋的緊張。計劃未來的事情、夢想未來的事情,也一樣會造成我們腦筋的緊張。

腦筋的放松

要讓我們的腦筋不產生緊張,當然是要進入一個沒有腦筋作用,也就是沒有念頭的狀況;這樣,才能真正把我們的腦筋放松而進入空無。

進入沒有腦筋作用的狀況,到底是什麼樣的狀況?比如說在飯店吃飯,突然發生火災時,我們絕對會馬上逃命,絕對不會去想過去有什麼沒有完成的事,不會去想現在有沒有冷氣,不會去想這裡的菜好不好吃,不會去想有只蚊子叮著你的頭,也不會因為還有一道最好吃的菜還沒上桌,想改天還要再來吃。在那一剎那,我們的腦筋作用全部進入空無的狀態。而我們透過禅的修行,就是要腦筋放松到不只一剎那的空無狀態,而是要一剎那連接著一剎那,再連接著一剎那,每一個剎那都相續的連接下去。這個相續的腦筋放松,才是真正進入一種永恆、空無、寂靜的狀態,才是我們禅修真正要達到的境界。

細胞間的放松

要達到腦筋的放松,的確不容易。但是,也只有當我們達到了腦筋的放松以後,才有辦法繼續達到全身細胞的放松。我們都知道,每一個細胞和細胞間是互相關連的。所以,為什麼生氣時呼吸就會急促?為什麼緊張、和人打架時肌肉就會繃緊、拉緊?為什麼人家罵我們的時候,我們的臉馬上漲紅起來?為什麼這樣?就是因為全身細胞都互相關連著,彼此有關系、有牽連。在這個情況下,我們就必須把全部有關連的每一個細胞都放松掉,才有辦法真正進入空無的境界。

整個腦筋的放松和全部細胞的放松,是在放松我們的第六意識和第七意識(末那識)。放松我們的腦筋,也就是在放松我們「眼、耳、鼻、舌、身、意」的「意」。這個「意」能放松,才能讓我們眼耳鼻舌身所相對的外境、所攝取的外境能夠放松。所以腦筋的放松和全身細胞間連接關系的放松,可以說都和我執有關;也就是和執著有「我」的這個我的生存有關系,就是和我們自己的生死有關。

真正說起來,全身細胞的放松,和我們執著生死有關,也就是和我們的潛意識、和我們的生死有很大的關系。只要能放松腦筋的作用,放松全身的細胞,我們就能放松對自我、生死的執著,而把這個頑固的執著拋開,可以說就是要放松我們的潛在意識,放松我們的第七意識末那識。

放松第七意識末那識,可以用觀想的方法,比如說觀想白骨觀,觀想本師釋迦牟尼佛。用觀想的方法,比較能讓我們不執著生死,把我們潛在意識的執著挑明出來,才有辦法放松,否則就不容易放松。就像很多人說「我不怕死,我沒說我怕死。」當說不怕的時候,其實是最怕的。不相信,把你關在有好幾條蛇的籠子裡,讓你和牠們睡幾晚,看看你怕死不怕死?因為怕死是在潛意識裡,自己沒有察覺,自己看不到而已。其實,每一個人最頑固、最執著的就是生死,每一個人都想要活久一點,不要那麼快死,但是都是死鴨子嘴硬,只有嘴巴說不怕死,內心還是很怕死,不然為什麼有人連做夢都夢到被人追殺?被追殺,跑不動,還流冷汗,就是這個「怕死」被壓抑了,所以在做夢中就顯露出來。

為什麼眼睛閉起來就會害怕?就會沒有安全感?會懼怕,會沒有安全感,就是因為怕失去現在的生命,就是怕死,才會有恐懼,否則不會有這樣的恐懼。

不過,當我們已經成佛,當我們已經了脫生死、不執著生死的時候,就一定不會有這種恐懼,眼睛閉起來,也是一片光明,不會有黑暗、恐懼,絕對都不會有。但是為什麼我們會恐懼?就是因為沒有放松掉腦筋的作用,沒有放松掉全部細胞的關連、緊張的作用,才會這樣子。

細胞內的放松

再接下去的放松就愈來愈難了。現在,達到這種全身每個細胞間的放松以後,我們還要進一步放松什麼?──要讓構成每一個細胞的最小分子都放松。

一、五大

在佛法裡經常講,一個人的身心是由地水火風空五大構成;這種分法,以目前的科學或生物學來看,好像是太粗糙;事實上卻不然,因為在電子、中子裡面,也一樣的有地水火風空的性質存在。佛法所說的「地」,是表示堅硬的意思、堅硬的性質。「水」,是柔軟的性質。「火」,就是有溫度、熱氣或冰度,只要有度數的,就是用火來代表。「風」,是代表會流動的,氣就是風。「空」,代表它所占的空間。所以,我們把分子分析到原子,原子再分析為質子、中子、電子,甚至分析到更細微,也都逃離不了佛法所講的因緣和合而生,因緣離散而滅的道理;都只不過是在形體上或能量上產生轉移、改變而已,五大的性質還是存在的,就算分析到最極微、最小的粒子,也是一樣的。

所以,我們就是要把細胞構成的最小分子,以我們現在所知道的,就是到DNA、RNA的最小分子都放松掉。

我們把外在的東西吃到體內,為什麼它會變成養分,會減少我們的口渴,會讓饑餓轉為飽,袪除肚子餓的苦受而轉為飽的樂受?這就牽涉到每一個細胞的放松狀況。有的人一生氣,胃就痛。為什麼胃會痛?因為構成胃的細胞有問題;構成胃的細胞有問題,它的分泌物產生變化,就造成胃酸過多,回頭又傷害構成胃的細胞,產生胃潰瘍,產生疾病,這些都是由於緊張造成的不能放松。

要放松這些最小分子,不是一般的放松技巧所能達到的,必須要把前面所說的統統都放松,才有辦法達到所有細胞的地水火風空的放松。但是這樣的放松所牽涉的范圍實在太多太廣,而且都是外表上沒辦法看到的。而要達到五大的真正放松,就只有透過禅的修持,修持各種不同有形的技巧,包括日常生活中的吃飯、睡覺、大小便、穿衣服、蓋棉被、行住坐臥等,這些行為都會影響五大的放松自在,它們看起來好像是無形的,其實影響卻很大。

要達到這樣的放松,以目前的科學來看,最重要、最容易比擬、大家也最了解的,就是離心機的離心作用。在我們的數息裡、在我們的觀心裡、在我們的行禅裡,甚至於在整個動態的禅修裡,都可以借著離心作用,很容易讓我們達到整個身心跟自然界融合成一體,而沒有絲毫一點點的緊張。這時候,我們才有辦法真正進入地水火風空的放松自在,也就是要把構成每一個細胞的最小分子都放松,不要再讓它緊張起來。

二、欲望

會造成我們的緊張,會影響這些緊張的,真正講起來,就是一個人的欲求、欲望、愛欲受到壓抑,所以,連這些都要把它放松。要怎樣放松?以愛欲來說,一般人總以為愛欲的放松只有在男女結合時才能放松,其實不是的,那種放松是短暫性的放松;真正要達到一個永恆的放松,必須研究一個人的遺傳是怎麼來的。每個人、每個眾生的形成,都是父精母血,也就是來自父母親的染色體的結合,也就是來自父母親的DNA、RNA的結合,而分化、產生了一個人;加上我們受業力牽引的靈識進入,才造成一個人、一個眾生出來。

所以,人的每一個器官、每一個細胞,全部都有一個母性和父性的因子在裡面。而我們要把整個細胞放松,就是要讓陰陽、來自父母的細胞能夠融合成一體,那樣才能得到放松;就像中國道家講的太極,陰中有陽、陽中有陰,看起來是兩極相反的東西,但是當它們融合成一體,不產生對抗,或在兩極的對抗中能夠融合成一體時,就能真正使二個相對的東西融成一體而達到和諧狀況。這時,才能使全身細胞構成的最小因子DNA、RNA全部達到和諧而放松自在。

但是,要怎麼去做?只有用禅的修行方法才是最好的,讓前面所說的造成緊張的因素都消失,才能導致構成最小單位細胞的陰陽二極達到協調,這樣才有辦法進入最小分子的放松自在。

三、自我

很多人在打坐的時候,偶而會進入一個幻化的、忘我的境界,但都只是一剎那;這就是因為他還執著有「我」的身體存在,有「我」這個生命的存在;除非他是睡著了,進入無意識,才會不執著「我」的身體。而我們的放松,是要在有意識之下能夠不執著我們的身體;所以就必須由身體的部分,由我們的眼耳鼻舌身意所能感受到的最粗糙的感覺,一直濃縮,把它牽引到最小的組成單位,這時候,把這些全部一起放松,才叫作真正的放松。

比如計算機那麼精細的東西,可能其中一個內存潮濕了,只有一點點水分卡在那邊,整部計算機就會產生錯誤。有很多機器,比如說核子分裂的機器、原子爐分裂機器,裡面都不能有任何污染物卡住,一卡住,它就不能自由運轉;只要一點點的障礙,就構成整個機器、整個儀器的故障,我們人也是一樣。所以,不要小看身上構成每一個細胞最小分子的緊張,這一點緊張就會造成全部身心、生命的放不下;會造成整個身心的執著,就會沒辦法放松。

我們對自我的生命執著,會使自我意識愈來愈強烈,就像身體裡的癌細胞一樣。身體裡那一個最小的細胞,當我們不注意它、當我們忽視它、當我們看不起它;它就會像家裡的小孩一樣,當我們對他絕望、看不起他、不留意他,他做了很多好事,我們都不贊賞,都假裝沒看到;這時這小孩子就開始調皮搗蛋。簡單的調皮搗蛋,只是把家裡的電視機搞壞;如果我們看不到他,他就會把家裡的大門拆掉;把大門拆掉,我們還看不到他,他就會把房子燒掉。當他讀書得到很多獎狀,我們卻看不到他,不懂得贊賞他、贊美他,他的獎狀就會一張一張愈來愈少,到最後,變成天天拿記警告、記小過、記大過的單子給我們看,這時我們就會注意到他。假定我們再麻痺的話,他就吸安非他命,開始天天和人打架;如果這樣我們還看不到他,他就拿刀子捅人家;要是我們還看不到他,他就拿槍去殺人了。

你們看,由整體細胞構成的一個人,當我們忽視他、不在意他、不照顧他時,他都會這樣做,而我們身上最小的一個細胞更是如此,我們不注意它、不留意它、不關心它,它就跟我們病變,變成癌細胞,繼續繁殖,由一個分裂成二個、二個變成四個,一直分裂下來,直到變成了惡性腫瘤;這時,保證我們天天會看著它,保證我們每天腦筋裡只有它,絕對沒有時間再去想別的事情。

一個人以自我為中心的時候,就像身上的細胞產生病變,變成惡性腫瘤、變成癌一樣;一個人的自我中心、自我意識強烈以後,就和身上的癌細胞一樣,到最後,不只破壞掉自己的細胞,不只害死自己,還會害死別人。

所以,當一個人的自我意識一直擴張以後,除了使自己無明煩惱,使自己經常無明生氣、憤怒以外,還會燒盡所有功德林,會牽累家人、鄰居、朋友、整個社會。一個人的自我意識擴大,就像癌細胞的擴大;一個人的自我意識愈強烈,就愈會變成社會、國家、人類的一個癌細胞。所以,我們絕對不能忽視身體每一個細胞的放松和自由自在,而必須透過禅的修持,用各種不同的技巧來放松它,讓它自由自在。這種放松,實在不是用語言文字所能表達,只有在實參實修裡才能得到訣竅,自然而然的,把緊張的能量釋放出來,轉變為放松。

四、能量

我們的能量並不是只供應到一個好、或一個壞的地方;它是同時供應,它有相通性,就像銅幣的兩面一樣。所以能量是可以轉移的,生氣的能量可以轉移到祥和;憤怒的能量可以轉移到慈悲;無明的能量可以轉成光明。用這能量的轉變,就能放松掉我們最微細、最小細胞的構成分子。所以,無明煩惱、憤怒、情緒變動從那裡來?觀照到最後,就會知道它們是從那裡來。是從全身最小細胞構成分子裡激發、爆發出來的。因此,不從最根本的地方下手,那有辦法放松自在?而我們要達到這個最根本的放松,就必須透過禅的修持,進入一個時間停止、空間無限擴大的華藏界,大小含攝,產生無限重迭的光明,這種圓融自在不可言說的佛境界的放松,才是進入十地菩薩和佛果位的放松境界。

人法俱松

談到人、法這兩部分的放松,就與我們的第八識阿賴耶識有關;我們必須透過禅的修持,才有辦法放松末那識,而進入第八識去放松它。所以,在放松的過程中,最重要的就是必須達到一個松中的松,一切宇宙盡無物的、空無的松,甚至連這個「松」的概念都沒有的松,才是真正的放松。假定還有要求放松,就是還有「求」。有這個「求」,就不是最根本、最極致的松。所以,在行禅走路,腳很酸的時候,為了要求腳不酸,就求它更酸以達到極點而不酸,這時就慘了,我們就沒有超越它,我們還是落入「松中求松」、「以緊求松」的限制、約制、控制裡面,我們還是沒有達到真正的松。

禅的修持,要像楞嚴經講的不能因明立色。因為暗,就要有明;要有明,相對就有一個暗;所以整個禅修的過程,就是要進入一個「無所求」的狀況,超越它,連「無所求」都沒有,都要超越,這時才能真正進入實實在在、自由自在的放松裡。所以,連要求松的念頭、概念都不能有;而要達到這個境界,就是要「百尺竿頭,更進一步」超越過去。這時我們的覺知、我們的觀照,都要超越;覺知觀照不超越,就會落入誤以為覺知觀照就是佛性,其實,這個時候都還只是在技巧上用功而已。

唐朝黃檗禅師的《傳心法要》裡就提到,「目前世間的人經常把見聞覺知誤以為佛性」。為什麼會這樣?他做了詳細的說明,而他的詳細說明,也只不過二、三十個字而已。但是這二、三十個字,有時候窮其一生還做不到;不要說窮其一生,有的人經歷生生世世、千劫萬劫都還做不到。所以,我們要放松,就不要因明立色,不要為了求快樂而去求酸,或以求酸而得快樂,這些都有問題,都會造成沒有辦法完完全全、全全然然、整整體體的放松。

所以,假定你們禅七結束後離開如來禅蓬,人家問你「你在如來禅蓬修什麼?」你說:「師父教我們要覺知,吃飯要知道在嚼,洗澡要知道洗到那裡...」人家一聽,「完了!原來如來禅蓬也教這種不如法的東西!」所以要跟你們說清楚,要了解,這只是過程,不是佛性,不是只進入我們的本心裡面,還要超越它,超越再超越。但是,要超越,實在是不容易;要超越,就要把握禅機;而只有經常修行,才有辦法遇到那種機緣。這種機緣是求不得的,想要,要不到的;當我們想要,絕對愈離愈遠;當我們有想要的心,這時,我們的心就往外處求,就往外一直跑。事實上,我們的心是無所不在,當下即是,但我們卻想去別處求,就像我現在在台北,我說我要回士林如來禅蓬,但是卻往門外一直走,往高雄的方向走,這樣永遠也回不到如來禅蓬。

所以,要放松自在,要看我們的本心,應該是往內求、往內走;只要往內走,就到家了,甚至連走都不要走,只要往內一轉,就到了,根本連踏出一步都不要的。但是偏偏我們踏出的第一步都是往外跑,往外求。

我們要放松,並不是沒有方法,方法有很多,就在我們禅修課程不同的漸修中,總有一天,會讓你碰到和你契理、契機的方法和技巧,讓你在一剎那間真正放松、得大自由、大自在。所以,漸修還是有需要的,我們必須透過漸修的放松,才能得到頓悟的自由自在的真正放松。

在這些方法裡面,大都是用系心於一念、系心於一處,用觀想的方法、觀照的方法;透過這種種不同的修行方法,只要在過程中如實修行,自然能夠有機緣得到真正的放松。很多人誤以為自己對修行方法麻痺了,變成機械性的動作就是放松,像有些女眾在工廠裡工作,做計算機的內存,只做一個點、一個東西而已;最後,變成機械性的動作,這是麻痺,並不是放松。很多人參禅打坐也是這樣,當他逃避、麻痺,進入無記以後,自己以為已經達到放松、進入空無的境界,其實他是變成機器人,變成和白癡、植物人差不多,這樣子也不是放松。放松是有意識、清清楚楚、了了分明的。分明什麼?是有意識的分明,而不是分別,也不是分明「有我們在這裡」,是連「有我們在這裡」都要超越的分明,這樣,才叫作真正的自由放松。

唯有透過一系列的修行,達到大自由、大自在的放松,我們才有辦法進入佛的境界,進入一個真正無念的境界,進入一個沒有時間流動,整個虛空是無邊際、無限界、無疆界的境界,也才是真正進入一個完完全全、空無、寧靜、祥和、喜悅的境界。這才是我們參禅打坐和禅修的一個終極目的。一個人進入這個境界以後,一樣的,肚子餓了吃飯;一樣的,困了睡覺。很多人以為:「我也一樣,每天餓了就吃飯,困了就睡覺。那我不是和開悟的人一樣,跟佛一樣?」但是,的確是不一樣,不一樣在那裡呢?

你們參禅打坐那麼久,來禅修這麼久,有沒有瞥見過有那一剎那真的和你平常吃東西不一樣、跟你平常睡覺不一樣、跟你平常洗澡、走路不一樣的狀況?有沒有瞥見過?有的話,你就會知道是不一樣!是絕對不一樣的!

今天和各位談的各種放松,都是要透過禅的修行,逐漸放松,達到全然的、閃電似的全部的放松,才有辦法進入真正空無的境界。

現在,就請大家放松眼睛、放松耳朵、放松身體、放松、放松。



Suffering is the master that teaches the faults of samsara; it is the direct cause for the practice of compassion and patience; it is the delineation point of dharma; it is the condition for purifying obscurations; it has unfathomable [such good qualities].

-- Ngawang Tenzin Norbu



Thursday, 22 December 2022

Facing the Discomfort

by Venerable Chang-Hwa, PhD

The first challenge I encountered during the first year of my monastic training as a postulant was overcoming the discomfort from the clothes we wore. We had a special uniform — a long-sleeved, loose grey midi robe with long pants. In the winter, we could put on more layers inside and a black coat while outside. But in the hot summer, even when it was over 35ºC (about 95ºF, but it felt like 100ºF due to the humidity), we still needed to wear our uniform day and night without air conditioning. This was really too much for me, especially after I had become so used to the comfortable weather in the Westwood/Santa Monica area of California. We were sweating all the time — it felt like our bodies were soaking in salty water. It was even worse during morning/evening services and chanting ceremonies because we were required to wear another black maxi robe with long sleeves. I could not imagine how I would tolerate the habit after ordination, which has the additional layer of a long-sleeved maxi robe and long grey tube socks. Because of this, I also felt sympathy for Roman Catholic nuns!

One day during class, some of us proposed a plan to reform the sangha uniform. We did not ask much, just to change the length and size of the sleeves. In the Buddha’s age, monastics exposed their right shoulder. The Tibetan monastic habit also exposes the arms. Even the robes of the Theravada tradition look cool. We argued back and forth with our supervisor, almost like warriors fighting for the benefit of the whole sangha. In the end, our supervisor suggested that we chant “Nam Mo Chin Liang Di Pu Sa Mo He Sa” (南無清涼地菩薩摩訶薩). I felt so frustrated—was this a kind of brainwashing? Why do we need to chant “Cool Ground Bodhisattva” for help when some simple practical changes would resolve the problem? The next day, it was our executive head nun’s class. She seemed to have been notified of our proposal, and she shared how she overcame the heat by contemplating body sensations, just like how we deal with leg pain during long meditation sessions during the retreat. She further explained that the purpose of chanting the “Chin Liang Di (Cool Ground) Bodhisattva” was to remind us to cool down our vexed, excited minds.

Days later, it was our Shifu’s class. Obviously, everything was reported to him. He looked at us just like a father looks at his naughty children. He first told us how precious it is to follow the Chinese Buddhist tradition, especially for female monastics. Then he reminded us that Chinese monastics have worn this same habit for hundreds of years. Even now, all members of the sangha members wear it just fine, he noted, adding that we would soon get used to it. “No one will change our habit, not in my lifetime,” he cautioned. “Besides, as Chan practitioners, instead of trying to change conditions for the comfort of our six sense organs, we need to constantly train our minds to bear and accept discomfort to a larger extent; this is the practice of forbearance . . .” None of us ever talked about the uniform reform plan again.

That was the first time I realised how avidly I used to avoid discomfort. As a monastic, I cannot wear fewer clothes or turn on the air conditioning when I feel hot. I need to train my mind to remain at ease when my six sense organs are out of their comfort zone. Later on, after full ordination, I began to understand why we have 350 precepts to keep. Some of them help us to avoid the distraction of the attachments of our six sense organs in daily life. For example, we wear only grey, black, and dark brown, so there are no beautiful colours from which to pick and choose. Our heads are shaved, so there’s no need to worry about hairstyles or our appearance. Everything we use, including soaps and lotions, is odour-free to avoid attachment to fragrance, etc.

Among the six sense organs, mind training is definitely the hardest. Body sensation is also very hard to handle, such as heat, cold, itching, and pain, especially from sickness. It was a live example for us to see how Shifu handled his pain from cancer and the itching from kidney dialysis during his final four years. He told us that his body was in great pain and that the itching went deep into his bones, yet his mind was not suffering or vexed. Despite such extreme conditions, he still managed to do what needed to be done until the day his body was no longer functional. I don’t know if my practice will ever reach the level at which my mind can totally detach from the influence of extreme body discomfort, but I know for sure that it can be achieved.



Be there with 100 percent of yourself. In every moment of your daily life. That is the essence of true Buddhist meditation. Each of us knows that we can do that, so let us train to live each moment of our daily life deeply. That is why I like to define mindfulness as the energy that helps us to be there 100 percent. It is the energy of your true presence.

-- Thich Nhat Hanh



Wednesday, 21 December 2022

禅坐释疑

惠空法师

许多人谈到打坐就会有练气的想法,反之,则有岔气的疑虑,对此许多人也是各说纷纭,实则这个问题很复杂,今就略谈一二学生问题爰为回答,就教于个位大方之家。

第一、气的基本理论

一、关于“气”,中国传统的说法里有所谓的精、气、神。在体内由五脏六腑所化蕴的菁华叫作精;气则是由精转变的一种气体;神就是由气转变成精神、心灵,而使得我们人的精神、心灵进而非常清明旺盛,这是中国传统的说法。对于“气”,中国传统的中医有所谓的气、脉、穴,奇经八脉、任督二脉等等。在道教与密宗有所谓的导气,气脉明点的问题,道家跟密宗在修行上非常注重气及精与心灵相依互动的关系。由此可以说明气脉确实存在于我们人的身体当中,它对我们的有身心、肉体、心灵以及修行,均有相当密切的关系。

二、在传统的中国禅法里面,其实也有类似的说法,就是调身、调息、调饮食、调睡眠。调身、调息的息就是指呼吸,就是关系着「气”的问题,且饮食与睡眠也跟我们血脉的运行有相当大的关系,所以其实调身、调息、调饮食、调睡眠,也就是从侧面粗显的角度来说明调和精血、气脉的重要性。

三、再更进一步的说明,佛法对于色身的物质体,即所谓的四大(地、水、火、风),其中“风”就是这里的“气”──气脉。在我们身体里面,据经典上明确的记载,我们身上不同部位有不同的风,如:关节有关节风、腰有腰风;还有动转风、弃舍风等等;一般的呼吸也是一种息风;而我们人之所以能够举手投足、弯腰、讲话、举目眨眼、排弃大小便,都是因为风运转的关系,此风即是所谓精、气、神之“气”,这在经典上都有很明确记载,由此可以了解到一点,就是风的重要性。而水呢?可说便是精液,代表我们身体的水份就精液。所以在佛法的基本理论里,地水火风也就说明了传统的精液和气脉存在的相关关系。

再者,在地、水、火、风里,四大彼此有着互相依存含摄,互相生起衍动之作用,就相互引发运转的关系上言,风的力量最大,再来是火,再来是水,最后是地。地是我们的骨骼、肌肉;水是我们的精液;火就是我们的体温;风就是我们的气、呼吸种种气脉,在这里面主导四大的就是我们的心,换句话说,就是意识的运转。意识心之所至,则风气随而汇会转动,水火相继、鼓动流住。意识一动,风就跟着动,风动火就动,火动水、土就动,所以气脉之动转其关键就在我们的心,以上简单说明色身、气脉与心彼此之间力量消长的关系。

第二、气的特质

现在谈气的特质,第一,气脉有全身及局部性:我们的气脉在我们的身体里面,它有贯通全身的,譬如像任督二脉、或密宗所谈的六轮;也有可能是属于部位的,如中医的十二经络,譬如说在我们的五脏六腑里,或在我们的肌肉里面,或在我们的手足里面。我们的呼吸不断,这就表示我们的心脏、肺很自然的运转,可是它有时候也会受到影响,譬如说我们运动剧烈,心脏就会跳动得很快,或吃饭时,胃就会运转得较剧烈,所以我们要了解,这个气脉第一有局部与贯通全身的不同点。第二、气脉有浅深不同性:随着我们心性宁静的浅深,可以触摸到气脉运行的层次性也有不同的浅深,譬如说气脉本身有不同的浅深性、局部性与贯通性。而我们心的定力,如果进入得深,我们可以把气脉运转得深,乃至驱向于全身气脉的部份,那么便可以把贯通全身的气脉运转开来,譬如:任督二脉或其他大的脉络,并且运转的禅定深,就可以运转全身每个气脉,甚至于每一个毛孔都可以打开来,而全身毛孔也可以呼吸。第三、气脉有所谓的惯性或转变;就是我们人生下来以后,不同层次的气脉及不同部位的气脉,会自动在生命中间产生运转;除非它受到了影响、干扰,才会随着不同干扰的引导而产生变化,如随业力、思想、习性、饮食、环境等而改变或产生惯性,乃至我们人身上气脉有可能会阻塞,也有可能会错乱;当然也有可能会运转得非常深密而且正常。如果是气脉运转与正常,人就会显得很有能力、精神非常旺盛、身体非常的好;如果闭塞了,就会有某部份的肌肉或官能会萎缩;如果错乱,我们的体能、肌肉就会受到破坏或影响等等,这些都跟气脉有很密切的关系。当然这个部份,学理上面不一定有,但在禅法上是会有这种感觉的,譬如说:有人修禅而气错乱,就会感觉身体痛、头痛,渐渐觉得很疲倦等等,这就是他的气脉错乱了,这些都是我们经常可能会发现的问题。以上所谈是我们身体里面,有种种的风和种种的功能,以及心与气互通的关系,和因不当的禅坐能产生的问题。用古人生活的经验来谈心与气,得知我们身上有种种的气脉,气又关系到我们心灵的运转,所以气脉是不是运行通畅关系到我们心灵是否能正常运转,譬如说:一个气脉被塞住了,会影响身上很多气脉也被塞住了,那么他的思绪、体能便无法发挥,他的思绪、身心运作就没有办法畅通,这是因为肉身受到障碍的缘故;反之,如果一个人的气脉很通畅,那么他的精神就能充份的发挥。中国古人说“茅塞顿开”,就是指脑筋开窍,或讲心眼开通,或者讲这个人的脑筋非常灵活,禅法也从呼吸看一个人的心灵平和与否?在在说明“气息”跟我们身心的互动,有很密切的关系;如果气脉通畅的话,表示这个人的心性也非常清明,这是我们对气的相关性质、特质,作了一个说明。

第三、岔气的情形

了解以上这些道理之后,我们再来谈谈会使气脉发生变化的情形。如果是正常的禅坐,熟悉方法、理念正确、操作正常,当然我们的气脉会打通,身心会得到一种调柔、轻安,人会有智慧,那么这是正常的,在此我们就不多谈了。

至于气脉之错乱的情形有很多的可能,最常见的是本身所修习的方法就是属于以心导气之法门,因方法不熟悉或误解而引气出岔,这是自已直接用意将气导岔;另外,尚有在定中见到种种境界而起心动念,或欢喜、或恐惧致心动气岔;或因定中外人碰触、大声惊怖等等,皆可能导致气岔,以上岔气问题不在本文讨论范围之内。以下我们要就一般较不太留意,且岔气过程不易察觉之状态而讨论之。

第一种情形:当我们在静坐中,已在半寂静状态的时候,如果我们动了心念,若动的是嗔念,嗔是属于杀害之心;若动的是贪念,贪是属于男女的情欲、淫欲的欲念心;如果我们在静坐当中,身心已经进入到某个寂静程度,心之所缘已寂止以后,这时我们若动了这样一个贪或嗔的念头,甚至只是有一个男女影像的浮过或是一种欲的流荡心的话,它都会破坏我们的定心,甚至把我们的气脉打破、流散,而且导向欲或嗔恨之气的运转里面去。因为在禅定中间,我们的气已经有相当的贯通性,而已经摄集起来,被我们的定心收摄起来之气,有一股很大的力量,如果这个时候起了欲念,那欲念就会把整个已经聚合的气,导向错乱的欲念这条路上去,这样我们身上的气就会错乱,这是第一种情形。

第二种情形:我们在睡眠当中时。因为日常生活中身心比较烦忙,没有特别的烦恼,或是思虑很多,彼此互相消长,所以无法形成较有力之情绪。可是当我们在睡眠中,因为业识的浮动,而我们又因在睡眠中没有在控制,那么有时候会有一些生理的反应,例如:有时候下体会勃起,这个时候如果我们不起有觉察来控制它,则睡眠中会一直持续这种生理的反应,时间一久,我们身体的气血会积聚在这上面,而且会把全身的气脉引导到这边,这样子的话,我们可能会因为它运行的非常强烈,而醒来以后又没有将它调好、恢复原来的状况,这时候如果我们去打坐的话,将会又重新凝聚起来,这样子会造成我们身心气脉惯性的带动,久久身体就会受到影响,这是岔气的第二种情形。

第三种情形:我们日常生活中有不正确的心念,或杂乱的心念,或接触比较多的嗔恨、欲念的境,都会在我们日常生活中间造成我们生理的反应,也就是说因为我们常常去思惟一些嗔恨的事情或是欲念的事情,在自已不自觉当中,生理上细微的气脉,在日常生活中便已经开始动了,这是指长久或是一种惯性、长期性的心理。在有这种嗔、欲的境界或思惟中下,会影响带动气脉的运转,这时候我们未察觉,而我们坐下去以后呢?气脉就会鼓动打坐的凝聚力量,把气脉惯性地导向到平常动心起念气脉运转的方向去,这样也会破坏我们的身心。

第四种情形:就是食物,我们有时候会吃一些比较补的食物或是比较具有刺激性的食物,它也会影响到我们有心的反应,就好像上面有谈的在日常生活中接触的境界,或是夜晚睡眠中的身体反应。我们吃的这些食物,往往不知道它会直接产生生理的反应──化学的反应,刺激我们的身体,产生欲的带动,或生理的反应。这时我们不知道而去打坐,就加强了食物所产生刺激性的力量,使得我们气脉错乱。

以上这些都是可能会使我们在打坐中间产生一种岔气或气脉错乱的情形。其中第二、三、四,三类情形,普通的人,如果是初学而禅坐功夫不深,那么他在打坐中间就会感觉到很苦恼,因为这时候他的气是错乱的,一坐下去,他的气就错乱,气的错乱,会使得他的心非常纷杂、散乱且不易凝聚、不能安定,心不能安定就使得他的气又非常的散乱,这样地恶性循环,使得他觉得打坐是件痛苦的事情,因为他打坐时,他的气散乱、错乱,使得他腿痛、腰痛,在肉体上没有办法支持下去,因而觉得打坐是件痛苦的事情。如果有一点点定力的人,在打坐中间产生岔气的情形时,多半会发生在第一种状况。当他在静坐中间会突然感觉到消失掉定力,这就是一种岔气的关系,久之,他会觉得身体慢慢的变差,或打坐没有了力量,没有寂静的喜悦,这是因为他禅坐已经有相当层次,倘若气岔深一点,这时候出了错,他没有感觉身体有什么不同的反应,因为他已经坐到某一深度的定中,气岔了以后,一般人感觉不到,可是它还是在身体内细微的运转,把我们身心的精液、血液、身体的组织功能,运转到破坏错乱的情况下,使得我们身体的组织、器官、功能错乱、萎缩、破坏,我们身体就会变差,如果这时还不知觉,而持续一段时日,等到我们发觉到情况严重而要想办法挽救时,身体已经很差了。以上谈的是岔气的情形。

我们在岔气情形时,应该怎样去处理?分为二种:第一是预防、检查;第二是治疗。

第一预防、检查:所谓预防就是首先在食物方面,一定要吃得很清淡,而且绝对不可以吃一些会有刺激性,或会激起我们欲望,或会带动我们男女生理欲望的食物。在日常生活中,要使得所接触的人、事、物,都要远离男、女的情欲或嗔恨;同时我们心灵也要保持非常的清净,这样才不会使我们的气脉在日常生活中产生错乱。此外,如果在睡眠当中会有生理反应的话,我们在觉醒时就要常常暗示自已,而在睡眠当中,只要一有这种反应,就要马上觉醒,这是可以做到的。觉醒之后就坐在床上,把腿散盘,并默念观音菩萨圣号,慢慢的念或保持清醒,这时候,人不能迷糊,迷糊的话,身体的反应还是会持续下去;如果能保持清醒,或默念观音菩萨,心有了力量之后,气就会随着心的觉照力量聚集起来;而原来被打散、带走的气,只要三分钟或五分钟,我们生理的反应就会消失,这个时候,还不能马上睡下去,因为生理的反应虽消失,但气脉的走动还没有散掉,所以要再停个五分钟或十分钟让身心慢慢的平静,让细微的气脉散掉以后再躺下去睡觉,这样身心的反应就会降到最低,甚至毫无影响。

第二治疗:当我们在打坐中间,有心收摄之觉受时,如果有一刹那男女欲望的心浮起来,或是很强烈的嗔恨心、杀害心浮起来,这时要赶快的把定心收摄起来,把妄想收摄回来,让自已的心快速的稳定下来。如果我们没有把心快速稳定下来,而让这个妄想持续几秒钟,那么它就会破坏我们的定力,使我们的气散掉,所以我们必须要很快的把心定回来。如果这个妄想很强烈,或是习性很强烈,我们跟着妄想走的话,那么气就会散掉,这时候怎么办呢?就是去取一强的境,如念观音圣号、或做不净观想,务必将欲心及余毒消除后方可,如果妄念仍不息,则要赶快深呼吸,把腿散盘,全身动一动,搓一搓,做深呼吸,让我们的心慢慢的平复,身心稳定下来,气脉便不会运行得那么深入,只会受到一点波动而已,等下坐后再慢慢调和身体,让心比较轻松一点,把它调回来。

其实,检查就是指在打坐当中的觉醒功夫,而预防是指食物、睡眠、与日常生活习性当中的留心,万一如果坐中未觉、下坐后才发觉到气脉已经微微在动了,在运转了,那该怎么办呢?有两点建议方法:

基本上是必须仍进入坐中调回,方回入坐之方法则有不同:第一是改换方法,一般盘时所缘较微细,而嗔欲境较强,故以另一所缘法门修习,如念佛、不净观等持续不断修习,则已岔乱之气,将因此依法门而渐回复于正常。第二则是仍用原法门,在身心较佳时再禅坐,此时若进入前坐岔气之深度,则会感觉气微动,此时不予理会,等再深入后,则岔之气将因心之稳定而渐趋于平复。但此二法中以前法较易,后法较难,后法适于对于法门有较熟练之行者使用。



When the mind has willingness, openness, and inspiration and is content and happy, then even some weird sound we experience in meditation becomes pleasant. There are even scientific studies that show how the mental attitude toward a phenomenon determines how you experience it. Your feelings, experiences, emotions, thoughts — things that are not normally considered really good for serious meditation — allow them all to be included. Be open to everything.

-- Dza Kilung Rinpoche

Tuesday, 20 December 2022

The Four Noble Truths

by Khensur Jampa Tegchok Rinpoche

The Buddha “turned the Dharma wheel” — that is, he gave sets of teachings — three times. In the first turning of the Dharma wheel in Varanasi in northern India, he taught the four noble truths. As we saw above in the section on the middling capacity, the four noble truths are true duhkha, true origins, true cessations, and true paths. For each of these four, the Buddha prescribed a particular activity. He said true duhkha  — all the unsatisfactory and suffering situations involved in being born under the influence of afflictions and contaminated karma — is to be known and understood. Once we clearly understand the three kinds of duhkha, the natural result is that we will want to be free of them.

The way to be free of them is to eliminate their causes — the afflictive obscurations, which are the afflictions and karma that cause rebirth in samsara without choice. Therefore the Buddha explained true origins, stating, “True origins are to be abandoned.”

When we rid ourselves of the origins of all duhkha, we attain true cessation. By means of meditating on the ultimate nature of reality, the afflictions and defilements that are the origin of all our duhkha can be completely removed from the mind in such a way that they never reappear. Thus the Buddha said true cessation, the third of the four noble truths, is to be actualised or manifested. When all afflictions, their seeds, and the karma that causes rebirth have ceased, we attain liberation, the state of being free of cyclic existence.

Liberation is freedom from all of the duhkha of the six realms of cyclic existence. When we attain liberation, true cessation, which is the extinction of all afflictive obscurations — that is, the nonexistence or purity of the afflictive obscurations — is attained in our mind at the same time. So liberation and cessation come down to the same thing. It is like looking at the same object from different angles.

The way to actualise true cessations is by practising true paths, the fourth of the four noble truths. Thus the Buddha said true paths are to be cultivated and to be meditated on. The main true path is the direct realisation of emptiness. The emptiness of true duhkha is meditated on to abandon afflictions pertaining to true duhkha; the emptiness of true origins is meditated on to abandon afflictions pertaining to true origins, and so on for the rest of the four noble truths. Although there is a slight difference in subtlety between the afflictions pertaining to true duhkha and those pertaining to true origins and in how difficult they are to abandon, there is no difference between the emptiness of those two truths. It is the same with the other truths.

Previously I said that the last two noble truths — true cessation and true path — are the Dharma Jewel that is our real refuge. Now we understand why. Actualising the eradication of duhkha and defilements in our own mindstream and realising the paths leading to that is what protects us from duhkha. There is no other door to peace or nirvana. No external being can protect us in this way. 

In the second turning of the Dharma wheel, the Buddha taught such sutras as the Perfection of Wisdom sutras that explain the emptiness of inherent existence. The Heart Sutra that we recite at the beginning of teachings comes from this turning of the Dharma wheel that was done primarily at Vulture’s Peak in Rajragriha, India. In the third turning of the Dharma wheel, the Buddha taught sutras such as the Sutra Unravelling the Thought, in which he taught the tenets that became the Chittamatra system. At that time, he also taught the tathagatagarbha, or buddha nature. 

Now those of you who are new to Buddhism also have a basic idea of the Buddhist worldview. While older students will already be familiar with these concepts, it is good to review them. I don’t think you will have much trouble understanding these ideas on an intellectual level because you have had a good education that encourages you to investigate and think about things. You can build on this by reading, studying, attending teachings, and contemplating what you have learned.